International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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A Foundational Study on Rational Optimization of Damping Ratio for Accurate Dynamic Simulation with Ultra Large Displacement
Get PDFThe integration of dynamic simulation analysis has become widespread in general-purpose softwares, providing enhanced capabilities. However, accurately tracking deformations based on complete equilibrium solutions remains a significant challenge in problems characterized by strong geometric nonlinearity. This study examines the accuracy of the combined Newmark ? method and Tangent stiffness method in dynamic analysis with ultra large displacements and evaluates the utility of Rayleigh proportional damping in numerical simulations compared to experimental models. An experimental model of a slender steel plate undergoing free vibrations after being released from a deformed state was created. Video footage capturing the deformation histories was compared to computational simulations to verify accuracy. The study also examines the appropriate values of the damping ratio (?) and the Newmark ? value in the simulations. The results indicate that adjusting various damping ratio and a ? value of 1/2 yield more realistic simulations with longer conservation of mechanical energy. The findings suggest that incorporating numerical damping into actual damping settings can achieve a more realistic simulation of dynamic behavior with ultra-large displacements. Furthermore, experiments and analyses were performed to correct natural frequency by changing Young’s modulus, which is a key factor influencing natural frequencies, with observed correlations to plate thickness, setting the stage for further research under varied conditions to develop a more rational methodology for structural analysis
A Systematic Review of the Causes and Effects of Variation Orders in the Sustainable Construction Industry in Developing Countries
No full textVariation orders are a frequent occurrence in construction. It is inevitable, but it can be controlled to minimise the cost, time overrun, and enhance the quality of work. This systemic review compiles more than 80 articles of various constructions between period of 2009 to 2022, with a focus on the similarities and differences in variation orders between developing and developed countries\u27 insight towards sustainable construction projects. A review of the existing literature identified that the common cause of variation order from twelve countries is the owner originated variations, change in design by consultant, error and omission in design, and lack of coordination between consultant and contractor. Out of the listed thirty causes of variation order the effects lead to affected work progress, increase in project cost, and delay in payment. The developing countries face different challenges due to economic and political instability and lack of resources, skills and experience. Even though the unbalance ratio between stakeholders could bring biased to overall findings, this review provides useful directions to construction professionals and policymakers. These findings not only will reduce the unfavourable effects but also by suggesting the intention of restoring factors of environment, economic and social sustainability in the construction industry
An Optimized Semantic Segmentation Framework for Human Skin Detection
Get PDFThe study incorporating optimization strategy in semantic segmentation is underexplored in dermatology. Existing approaches used complex and various heuristic designs of image processing algorithms and deep models customized for skin detection problems. This paper demonstrates Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-incorporated AlexNet framework for the skin segmentation task. The results from testing the trained model are promising. The model produced satisfactory performances even with a strict split of 50 %, confirming the high efficiency of the proposed framework. The mean Jaccard index and Dice similarity measures evaluated between the annotated and predicted mask ranged from 0.80 to 0.93 in the binary classification of pixels as “skin” versus “background”. This work identified that the location and color variability of skin pixels in the training data are crucial to obtaining a good skin segmentation performance. Further works that can be explored in this area include adopting a robust preprocessing strategy to increase data variability and improve model generalization or implementing an optimization-enhanced strategy on the existing segmentation models for comparison
The Proximate and Ultimate Composition of Pulverised Coconut Shell
Get PDFBiomass is gaining traction as a renewable energy source as they play a major role in global green transition. Authors believe that coconut shell has a huge potential comparable to wood and sawdust in burning appliances. However, the use of coconut shell in combustion industry still limited and unconventional due to limited of studied and uncommonly practiced. Hence, the analysis of coconut shell on its properties is a must as well as to highlight the good side of coconut shell as a fuel. The coconut shell residues were collected, dried, purified, crushed and grinded to obtain in pulverised form. Then, the sample of pulverised coconut shell was undergo the proximate and ultimate analysis based on standard needs (ASTM E871, E872 and D1102). The results obtained were compared to other types of fuel. From the comparison findings, coconut shell has a huge potential to be utilize as fuel due to its low moisture content, low ash content, higher heating value and has sustainably sourced in Malaysia.
Optimum Sustainable Design Approach of a Granular Pile Anchor System in Mitigating Shallow Foundation Failures on Expansive Clay
Get PDFExpansive soil is known for its capacity to undergo substantial volume fluctuations, expanding upon water absorption, and contracting during the drying process thus having profound problems for infrastructures, specifically for shallow foundations, which then requires periodic maintenance and repair works. This ultimately highlights the importance of a sustainable design approach to avoid unwanted consequences. Therefore, this research will be the forefront in addressing this issue by utilizing granular pile anchors (GPA) with various design alternatives to mitigate the heaving and swelling forces induced by expansive soil. This is achieved through numerical modelling analysis using the advanced 3D finite element software, PLAXIS which is focused in examining an optimal foundation structure design of GPA aimed at mitigating heave. The results showed that with the addition of GPA, there was a potential reduction of heave and to the uplift force on the foundation structure. The magnitude of the improvements was found to be controlled by three main independent design parameters of GPA which are the ratio of the GPA length to its diameter (L/D), the ratio of GPA length to the expansive soil layer thickness (L/H), and the area replacement ratio (Ar) which is the ratio of the foundation footing area to GPA cross section area. The largest improvement encountered compared to unreinforced shallow foundation was found to be using a design parameter of L/H = 2 and Ar = 4.0 where there was a 91.5% and 96.99% reduction in heave and uplift pressure respectively. Therefore, a shallow foundation can be constructed with the addition of GPA incorporating the optimum design parameters to maximise stability
Optimum Microencapsulation Conditions of Lemongrass Essential Oil Microcapsule Using Complex Coacervation Method
Get PDFMicroencapsulation of essential oil provides new novelty applications in textile industries where the technology allows the addition of insect-repellent, thermoregulated, antibacterial or fragrance to all types of textile substrate. In this study, lemongrass essential oil (LEO) was microencapsulated using a complex coacervation technique. The effects of LEO formulations on particle diameter and encapsulation efficiency was investigated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Chitosan (CH) and Gum Arabic (GA) were used as wall materials, and the LEO microcapsules formulation was developed with 17 different formulations, using Design Expert 13.0 software. Each formulation parameters and its interaction significantly affect the response (p < 0.05). The mean particle diameter size of the produced LEO microcapsules was found ranging from 6 µm to 12 µm. and the encapsulation efficiency of LEO microcapsules varied between 78.59±0.01 to 85.32±0.56 %. The suggested optimal formulation condition by the predicted model was at 30g of LEO mass, 2g of CH mass, and 1g of GA mass with desirability of 0.982. This formulation are able to achieve a particle diameter of 12 µm and an encapsulation efficiency of 85.21 ± 0.06%
Moisture and Compression Properties of Different Composition of Kenaf/Bamboo/Polyester Thermal Bonded Nonwoven Web for Mattress Filler
Get PDFThis study assesses the performance of kenaf, bamboo, and polyester nonwoven web in various mattress filling formulations. The influence of moisture and compression qualities on the web structure with a predefined thickness and the number of stacking layers is evaluated. Carding and thermal bonding techniques were employed to create the kenaf/bamboo/polyester web. Physical properties such as thickness (ASTM D177-96), areal weight (ASTM D6242), density (ASTM D3776), and moisture content (ASTM D2495-01) were determined, while the compressive performance was evaluated according to ASTM D471-00. Compressive strength decreased with higher ratios of untreated bamboo to kenaf, whereas moisture content increased with both higher kenaf and treated bamboo ratios. The compressive strength of kenaf/bamboo/polyester nonwoven web was minimally impacted by the treated bamboo. Consequently, the areal weight and density of the web were significantly influenced by a predetermined characteristic; the number of stacking layers and thickness of the web. Evidence suggests that a composition of 30% kenaf, 20% bamboo and 50% polyester is the optimal ratio to obtain the firmest mattress filler, as it exhibited a compressive percentage of 39% at a force of 2kN
Assessing The Impact of Lithological and Geological Features on Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) at Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia
Get PDFThe relationship between lithological and geological features using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) highly correlated to the ability to explore critical subsurface information. Due to limitation in accessibility to observe the subsurface, ERT emerge as a non-invasive geophysical method that could provide high-resolution image of subsurface electrical resistivity distribution, which is closely related to the lithology and geological features of the subsurface. The study aims to obtain information on lithology and subsurface geological formation and to accurately interpret the presence of aquifers, such as within an alluvial layer or within the bedrock. The ERT measurement that was applied in this study consists of Pole-dipole and Gradient-XL protocol, to generate ERT data at At-Taqwa Mosque Gua Musang, Mini Zoo Kuala Krai, Kampung Sedar and Kuala Jambu, Tumpat in Kelantan. Result showed low electrical resistivity values measured less than 100?m in the region with high clay content, whereas high resistivity values exceeding 500?m were observed in areas with sand and gravel deposits. The presence of faults and fractures within the hard layer is considered as it influences resistivity value by elucidating intricate connections between survey lines. Findings of this study employ algorithms to analyze and interpret model resistivity with topography to precisely identify areas with high mineral exploration endeavors and bring forth groundbreaking perspectives by incorporating real-time monitoring. Kelantan River Basin is selected as significant environmental importance to understanding subsurface dynamics through its susceptibility potential of groundwater recharge and discharge, economic significance, decision-making and sustainable practice in social development. This study insights ERT for further exploration in ground management strategies, mineral exploration practices and development of advanced innovation of ground exploration
Performance Comparison of Various Substrates on a Wearable Ultra-Wideband Antenna
Get PDFThe substrate between the patch and ground plane of microstrip antenna plays an important role in antenna design as it dictates the linear characteristics performances of the antenna. This work focusses on the comparison between three UWB antennas fabricated on different substrate materials which are Rogers Duroid RO3003™ with a dielectric constant, ?r of 3, loss tangent, tan ? of 0.010 and thickness, h of 1.52 mm; denim substrate with ?r of 1.7, tan ? of 0.07 and h of 0.7 mm; and felt substrate with ?r of 1.3, tan ? of 0.02 and h of 1.1 mm. From the comparison, felt substrate offers a good antenna’s performance in terms of frequency range, bandwidth, gain and efficiency followed by Rogers Duroid RO3003™ and denim substrates. The simulation results show that the frequency range of the UWB antenna with felt substrate is from 2.31 GHz to 11.74 GHz with a bandwidth of 9.43 GHz; gain, G of 5.489 dBi; and efficiency, ? (%) of 91 %. The UWB antenna fabricated on RO3003™ has a frequency range from 2.94 GHz to 12.25 GHz with a bandwidth of 9.28 GHz, gain of 5.323 dBi and efficiency of 90%. Lastly, the antenna with denim substrate observed a frequency range from 2.67 GHz to 9.99 GHz with a bandwidth of 7.23 GHz, gain of 5.198 dBi and efficiency of 81.68%. The bending investigation are performed for each UWB antenna with different diameters (d = 50 mm, 80 mm and 100 mm) of vacuum cylinder in CST MWS® software and PVC pipes during measurement. It can be concluded from the simulated and measurement results that the performance of the antennas are not affected under bending condition and suitable to be worn on body for wearable applications
An Enhanced 2D-PID Adaptive Strategy for Batch Processes through Set-point-Tuning Indirect Iterative Learning Control
Get PDFTo optimize productivity growth in batch processes, it\u27s imperative to effectively manage nonlinearities and dynamically shifting process parameters. A cutting-edge approach to tackle this challenge involves integrating an auto-tuning-neuron-based proportional-integral-derivative (ANPID) system with an indirect PID-type iterative learning control (ILC) method, resulting in an innovative two dimension proportional-integral-derivative (2D-PID) adaptive recipe. This intensified two-dimensional (2D) control strategy offers a robust solution for addressing the complexities inherent in batch processes, ultimately fostering enhanced efficiency and performance. This method targets industrial processes characterized by nonlinearities and time variations across multiple batches. The ANPID addresses intra-batch nonlinearities and time variations autonomously. Additionally, an adjustable set-point-related PID-type ILC improves local tracking capability between batches. Historical batch data iteratively informs productivity improvements. Initial PID and ILC parameters are optimized via Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) procedure. A fermenting reactor simulation illustrates the proposed concept\u27s potential application. The performance metric "Average Absolute Tracking Errors" (ATE) is frequently used in batch processes to evaluate the efficacy of tracking control. Comparing the enhanced 2D-PID to the conventional 2D-PID, which has an ETA of 0.0223, the latter has the lowest ETA, and the conventional 2D-PID demonstrates superior tracking and control effects by 0.0389. The finding indicates that enhanced 2D-PID adaptive controller adapts more effectively to the dynamic conditions of the process, a property that could be further exploited to optimize batch cycle times and throughput