International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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Evaluation of Corroded OPS Fiber-Concrete using NDT Method
Get PDFConcrete is one part of an infrastructure that is very commonly used, materials widely used in making concrete, such as sand and gravel, come from nature that are limited and will run out if used continuously. Oil palm shell (OPS) waste is an alternative that can be used to solve this problem. In this study the proportion of OPS used was 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% as a partial substitute for coarse aggregate. Pre- and post-corrosion specimens use beam sizes with dimensions of 10 cm × 10 cm × 50 cm. The specimen has a corrosion rate of 7%. The specimen is tested for flexural strength, in addition, the specimen is tested using the Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) method at the age of 28 days and after acceleration corrosion. The NDT method is one way for early inspection to determine the condition of a concrete structure. The NDT methods used in this study were resistivity and impact-echo as evaluation tools for the influence of OPS and fiber on corroded concrete. Based on the results that have been carried out, the lowest resistivity value was 10.87 kohm/cm on 0% OPS post-corrosion specimen and the highest resistivity value of 24.12 kohm/cm on 0% OPS pre-corrosion specimen. Meanwhile, the impact-echo test obtained the lowest value of 2625.33 kHz on 75% OPS post-corrosion specimen and the highest impact-echo value of 11725.26 kHz on 0% OPS post-corrosion specimens. With the increase in the percentage of OPS, the resistivity obtained in pre-corrosion concrete will decrease as well as the impact echo value, except for the 75% OPS specimen, while in post-corrosion specimen impact-echo and resistivity are inversely proportional. The greater the percentage of OPS in concrete, the resistivity value tends to increase but the frequency of impact-echo tends to decrease except specimen with 75% OPS
Corrosion Behaviour of Stainless Steel 316L in Chloride Environment After Dry Machining by Face Milling at Various Spindle Speed
Get PDFThis study attempts to investigate the impact of spindle speed on the corrosion characteristics of 316L stainless steel during the face milling process in dry condition. The machining parameters, such as spindle speed, have an impact on the surface properties of the material after the processes. It is essential to devote significant attention that these parameters can still affect the surface condition of 316L stainless steel, which may then affect its corrosion properties. This research aimed to examine the corrosion characteristics of 316L stainless steel subsequent to the face milling process using the potentiodynamic polarization technique in a chloride-containing environment. The face milling technique use a 6 mm carbide cutter tool, with spindle speed variations of 1800 rpm, 1600 rpm, and 1400 rpm. The feed rate is maintained in constant rate, which is 0.002 mm/rev. The findings of the corrosion rate test indicate that variations in spindle speed lead to fluctuations in the corrosion rate value. There finding shows an inverse relationship between the value of spindle speed and the corrosion rate, wherein an increase in spindle speed corresponds to a decrease in the corrosion rat
Energy Efficient Design of Building Based on Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Get PDFBuilding energy analysis is rarely carried out due to the complexity of building shape and materials. On the other hand, the urgency of environmentally friendly construction is increasing through the vision of the SDGs and Architecture 2030. The development of BIM technology is expected to provide accurate estimates of building energy consumption for projects undertaken, as well as recommendations for alternative designs and specifications to increase the energy efficiency of a building. The use of BIM technology for energy analysis during building design helps to implement green building sustainable design based on the analysis of BIM energy simulation software. Data of three-dimensional BIM model with the attributes of materials, project schedule and location are used in building energy consumption simulation analysis. Several scenarios of different materials and layout are carried out to determine the most efficient scenario for energy consumption and followed by its cost estimation. The results of this study are expected to be able to provide the energy value that can be saved through predetermined scenarios as well as the value of the costs required to run a more energy-friendly design scenario in a comprehensive manner
Optimization of Ammonia Removal from Landfill Leachate by Aeration Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Get PDFLandfill leachate has a high concentration of ammonia, making it a harmful pollutant for both surface and groundwater. One of the most favoured methods for removing ammonia from leachate is aeration, as it has been proven to remove a significant amount of ammonia in the most efficient and economical way. The effect of operational variables on ammonia removal efficiency by aeration was investigated in the current study by applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach. Three operating parameters such as airflow rate, aeration time and lime dosage were investigated to achieve the optimization of ammonia removal. The optimal parameters for a favourable reaction of ammonia-nitrogen (NH3N) removal were found to be 6 L/min airflow, 90 minutes aeration time, and a lime dosage of 6 g/L. At these ideal conditions, Quadratic RSM predicted a maximum NH3N removal of 98.0%, which has been validated by the experiment and successfully removed 97.6%. The finding also showed that airflow rate and aeration time were more significant than lime dosage for NH3N removal. Due to increased contact time between air and liquid, regardless of the amount of lime used, increasing the aeration period ammonia removal efficiency. Considering the influential factors, determining the optimum condition for ammonia removal by aeration will explain the potential interferences that may inhibit the efficient recovery of NH3N. Hence, aeration is a promising approach for ammonia removal from landfill leachate
Establishment of Dynamic Properties for Malaysian Peat Soil Using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves
Get PDFA poor understanding of peat behavior has introduced several engineering problems including differential settlements or slides which greatly impact society. Problematic characteristics of peat including a high moisture content and the presence of fresh fibers, cause a significant challenge in obtaining high-quality samples for laboratory-based investigation. Therefore, the application of in-situ geophysical methods is sought to mitigate these problems. The dynamic properties of a peat deposit in West Malaysia are described in this study. The Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) was conducted at six different locations. These peat soils had considerably different characteristics due to the different natures of decomposed materials. The samples obtained from the five locations had organic contents of 66.5 to 97.1%, water contents of 447 to 964%, and fiber content between 22.1 and 75.2%. Based on Von Post classification, the peat type ranged from H3 (fibrous) to H8 (amorphous). Shear wave velocity (Vs) and maximum shear modulus (Gmax) are presented, and their dependence on variables such as moisture content, organic content, fiber content, specific gravity and bulk density are illustrated. The general trend shows an increase in Vs and Gmax with decreasing moisture, organic and fiber content of peat soil. The difference in the degree of humification did not result in significant differences in Vs and Gmax obtained. The results showed that the value of Vs and Gmax ranged from 24.0 to 67.1m/s and 0.40 to 7.06 MPa respectively. Correlation between the index and dynamic properties peat shows that the Vs and Gmax increase as the moisture, organic and fiber content decreases. Successful determination of in-situ Vs and Gmax on peat soil minimized the potential of underestimation due to sample disturbance and provide a sustainable, rapid and economic method
Non-Invasive Fetal Well-Being Monitoring Approaches: A Mini Review on Fetal Signal Separation Techniques
Get PDFFetal signal separation is vital in producing an accurate interpretation of the health condition of a fetal. In the context of a non-invasive fetal monitoring approach, the signals are acquired from the abdomen of pregnant women. As a result, a mix of maternal and fetal signals is obtained. These maternal and fetal signals are vague, as both signals are interchanged during the signal acquisition stage. Since the signals are overlapped, a signal separation technique must be employed to process the fetal signal for further analysis. This paper presents published studies on applying signal processing techniques involving fetal signal separation. These papers are obtained through a strategy known as the PRISMA technique. The online databases include ACM, Emerald Publishing, IEEE Explore Digital Library, Science Direct, Scopus, and Springer, with published years spanning from 2018 until 2022. Numerous separation techniques were found, such as adaptive filtering, blind source separation (BSS), and alternative approaches. Issues on the existing methods for fetal signal separation are discussed. In addition, the limitations and drawbacks of the research work involving existing fetal signal separation are reviewed in the paper. The potential direction of future research in this field is addressed as well. Based on this mini-review, it can be concluded that noise and ambiguity can still occur in the extracted fetal signals, even when signal processing techniques are applied. In the future, deep learning would be accommodating in improving the efficiency of extracting fetal signals obtained from the non-invasive fetal well-being monitoring technique. Meanwhile, apart from fetal heart rate (fHR) detection, fetal hypoxia can also be another important focus of study for improving fetal well-being monitoring
A Review on the Effect of Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) on its Thermal Analysis and Mechanical Properties of Welded Metallic Pipe
Get PDFWelding is a commonly used process in manufacturing and engineering, and it may create residual stress in the welded region that can cause problems during service. Thermal expansion of the post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of steel carbon induces residual stress. To relieve the internal stresses in the weld zone, PWHT is used to soften the hardening zone, improve microstructures, and lower hydrogen content in the welded region. The pipe size, heating width, insulation conditions, heating rates, soaking temperature, and holding time are factors that influence PWHT procedures. This paper will explain clearly about the PWHT process and the effect of PWHT on the metallic metal
Potential of Oil Mixture of Palm Oil and Mineral as Future Transformer Oil
Get PDFThis study investigates the electrical performance of oil mixtures that composed of palm oil and mineral oil for potential use as an alternative transformer insulating fluid. The breakdown voltage of eleven oil samples, prepared with varying ratios of palm oil and mineral oil, is measured at temperatures of 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C. The results show that the breakdown voltage generally decreases as the percentage of palm oil decreases and the percentage of mineral oil increases. However, beyond certain points, the breakdown voltage starts to increase again. For example, at 50 °C, the mixture with 60 % palm oil and 40 % mineral oil exhibited the lowest breakdown voltage, while the mixture with 100 % mineral oil had the highest breakdown voltage. At 60 °C, the sample with 40 % palm oil and 60 % mineral oil had the highest breakdown voltage, and at 70 °C, the sample with 40 % palm oil and 60 % mineral oil again exhibited the highest breakdown voltage. The study also utilized Arrhenius plots to investigate the thermal activation energy of the oil mixtures, which provides insights into their thermal stability. The results demonstrate the potential of palm oil as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly option for transformer insulation, offering valuable implications for sustainable transformer technology development. Further investigation into moisture content in the oil mixtures and its correlation with thermal activation energy is recommended for future work.
Investigation of Multiple Configuration Transmitter of FSO link for Ground to Train Communication in Straight Track Model
Get PDFThere is an increasing demand for high-speed train (HSR) services. Consequently, onboard high-speed internet access needs increased as passengers travel to and from work. This sudden surge in demand introduced new challenges in delivering a seamless internet connection on-board fast-moving train. Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications technology promises a bright future for various applications, due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of deployment, and huge unregulated bandwidth, which gives it an edge over contemporary technologies. However, there is a lack of significant research on FSO links for railway communications. In this paper, straight track for FSO Ground-to-train (G2TFSO) links have been designed to overcome this mentioned issue and satisfy increased demand. G2T-FSO links feature base stations located beside the track to provide a line of sight (LOS) link for traveling trains. In this research, FSO links comprise of intensity-modulated transmitters with direct detection receiver, that utilize return zero (RZ) and non-return zero (NRZ) on-off keying (OOK) modulation formats at 2.5 Gbps, with multiple transmitters concept has been implemented to enhance the link performance, using single, dual, triple, and quad transmitters. Furthermore, the track geometrical parameters have been optimized to achieve optimal link performance. The measured meteorological data obtained from the Department of Meteorology Malaysia have been incorporated to simulate rain and fog weather attenuations for Malaysia\u27s environment. Performance evaluation on the G2T-FSO has been conducted in terms of BER at various distances and received power at different weather conditions using the Optisystem®. The findings show the moderate rain and fog weather conditions\u27 effects provide a reasonable performance evaluation of G2T-FSO communications link for the straight track model.
Numerical Investigation of Cross Ventilation Flow in A Gable Roof Building with Asymmetric Opening Positions
Get PDFNatural ventilation can be a suitable alternative to mechanical ventilation as it is cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Therefore, an effective design of the natural ventilation system is very crucial. In this work, an attempt has been made to investigate the impact of opening positions and roof pitch on the performance of wind-induced cross-ventilation in a gable roof building. Numerical simulations were carried out using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique based on the steady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) model. Six configurations with asymmetric openings on opposite facades were considered to evaluate the effect of opening positions. Further, for studying the influence of roof pitch on the flow properties, three roof pitches, viz. 3:10, 5:10 and 7.5:10 were considered. It is found that the configuration with a windward opening in the middle and a leeward opening at the bottom (Configuration D) has the highest flow rate. The configuration with a windward opening at the top and a leeward opening at the bottom (Configuration B) has the lowest flow rate. Furthermore, the investigation with different roof pitches reveals that buildings with lower roof pitches are more vulnerable to wind loading due to higher flow separation at the windward eave. The investigation concludes that the opening position and roof pitch significantly influences the indoor airflow characteristics thereby affecting the ventilation performance