International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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Economic and Environmental Energy Scheduling of Smart Hybrid Micro Grid Based on Demand Response
Get PDFRecently, microgrids are regarded as one of the main substations in distribution networks that generate electrical energy locally. The privileges of microgrids are easy management, optimization and highly reliable supply. In this paper, the recommended model is based on economic and emission optimal scheduling in connection to main grid mode, implementation model is as the short-term mode with optimal operation units and using real-time pricing (RTP) plan. In this study, multi objective function for operating cost and emission with augmented ?-constraint method has been considered and also fuzzy decision making process has been employed to obtain best solution. In addition, microgrid has interruptible and shiftable loads that can participate in demand response programs, that eventually the presented results have been evaluated based on demand response different programs
Performance Analysis of Cutting Glass Fibre Epoxy Reinforced Composites Using an Abrasive Water Jet Machining Process
Get PDFAbrasive Waterjet Machining (AWJM) is a versatile cutting process that involves directing a high-velocity stream of water mixed with abrasive particles to remove material and create holes and cavities in solid materials. In this study, the impact of abrasives waterjet machining (AWJM) parameters, including traverse speed, stand-off distance, and abrasive flow rate, while maintaining a constant pressure, on glass fiber epoxy composites were investigated. The glass fiber composites were made up of 50% glass fiber, 47% epoxy, and 3% graphite by weight. The aim of this study is to assist industries and individuals in selecting optimal AWJM parameters to achieve desired kerf width and surface roughness while meeting specified standards. Central Composite Design (CCD) integrated with Responsive Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the experimental parameters. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and regression models were established to predict kerf width and surface roughness based on primary and interaction effects of process parameters. Kerf width was measured using a vernier caliper, while surface roughness was assessed using a surf test machine (SV-600). The study reveals that surface roughness is influenced by machining parameters such as stand-off distance, traverse speed, and abrasive flow rate, along with the interaction between stand-off distance and traverse speed. In contrast, kerf width is predominantly influenced by stand-off distance and traverse speed. Additionally, a morphological analysis of the samples was conducted using Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to examine surface microstructures
APTES Functionalization of cGNP Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of Immunoglobulin G
Get PDFThis paper demonstrates the development of carbon-based graphene nanoplatelet (cGNP) electrochemical immunosensor for detection of Immunoglobulin G (IgG). Initially, surface characterization via SEM revealed a smooth surface on the cGNP indicating successful GNP coverage using the drop-casting method. Screening of electrolyte buffers revealed that ferrocyanide and ferricyanide provided a favorable response with a current density of 9.369 µA. Functionalization of cGNP, was achieved using a 2% APTES solution during a 1-hour incubation period. Electrochemical characterization through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated excellent electrochemical activity when 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) was employed as a blocking agent against 1 mg/ml IgG. Chronoamperometry (CA) confirmed IgG immobilization at a potential of 0.1 V. Notably, the immobilization of IgG resulted in an increase in the charge transfer resistance (Rct) to 69.8 ± 2.3 ?, attributed to the hindrance of biological molecules on interfacial electron transfer. Consequently, the proposed cGNP electrochemical immunosensor platform exhibited a robust analytical response, characterized by optimal antibody binding capacity. This superior performance can be attributed to the presence of GNP on the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), which enhanced surface area, conductivity, and overall electrical properties. These attributes make this platform a promising candidate for further research in protein biomarker diagnosis and related applications
Air Conditioning Performance Assessment in an Educational Building: A Case Study in Malaysia’s Hot and Humid Region
Get PDFIn regions with high temperatures and humidities, the operation of air conditioning (AC) systems accounts for a sizable portion of buildings’ energy use, ranging from 60% to 70%. This energy expenditure is necessary to maintain a thermally comfortable environment inside interior spaces. Therefore, the inadequate functioning of the cooling system has a significant impact on both energy usage and the interior thermal comfort conditions inside the building. Excessive cooling is a common phenomenon observed in Malaysian buildings, with educational institutions and libraries being especially affected. This research aims to identify the underlying cause of excessive cooling in an educational building by assessing the thermal comfort and energy consumption of a fan coil unit (FCU) placed in a selected room in Malaysia’s hot and humid environment. A data acquisition system, comprising sensors and a data logger, was set up in multiple locations inside the case study room and the cooling system. This system was used to quantify performance variables, namely temperature, humidity, and airflow, across four FCU process air lines. The measurement data were gathered from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. over the course of one week. The collected data was utilized for the purpose of conducting data analysis in order to determine the distribution of cooling load, evaluate thermal comfort, and calculate the energy consumption of the FCU. The findings of the cooling load analysis indicate that 52% of the total cooling load, amounting to 9.4 kW, may be attributed to latent loads, while the remaining 48% is associated with sensible loads. The findings of the thermal comfort investigation reveal that the temperature and relative humidity inside the classroom during the operation of the FCU were recorded as 24.3 °C and 77.1%, respectively. These values do not align with the desired thermal comfort level of 25 °C and 50% humidity. It was discovered that due to the high latent load of the classroom, the FCU is unable to control the humidity level to the appropriate value; therefore, in order to control the humidity, the sensible cooling will be drastically reduced, and overcooling will occur in the space. To attain the optimal interior atmosphere, an optimized FCU has been designed. Compared to the current FCU, the optimized FCU consumes 1.4 times more energy
Country-Specific CO2 and Non-CO2 Emission Factor for Coal Electricity Generation in Malaysia
Get PDFMalaysia’s national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory for electricity generation utilises the default GHG emission factor values from the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines. Electricity generation is the key source of GHG emissions; hence, improvement in the emissions assessment through developing country-specific emission factors (EF) will increase the accuracy and further reduce the uncertainty of reported national GHG emissions. In 2019, the uncertainty of the total inventory without Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) was ±15.12%, and the uncertainty in trend was ±12.70%, which is in the higher range. Thus, this study analysed 2017-2019, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission factors from the stationary combustion of coal-fired power plants to develop the representative country-specific emission factor of the coal used in Malaysia using the fuel analysis and flue gas method. This study also supplements an assessment of relevant country-specific oxidation factors. The results indicate that the weighted average of each year for the CO2 emission factor of Bituminous coal is lower than IPCC default values from 93,078 kgCO2/TJ to 93,224 kgCO2/TJ, whilst Sub-Bituminous coal averages from 96,260 kgCO2/TJ to 96,714 kgCO2/TJ and Lignite coal higher than the IPCC values, from 101,720 kgCO2/TJ to 105,116 kgCO2/TJ. In deriving the emission factor, the carbon content was lowest for Bituminous coal, followed by Sub-Bituminous coal, and significantly higher for Lignite coal. The CO2 emission factors values analysed are 1% lower for bituminous coal and 1% to 4% higher for sub-bituminous coal and lignite compared with 2006 IPCC Guidelines default values. For Bituminous, the calculated emission factor of CH4 is 0.1011 kgCH4/TJ and N2O is 0.7047 kgN2O/TJ. As for Sub-Bituminous, the calculated CH4 emission factor is 0.0883 kgCH4/TJ whilst for N2O is 0.9516 kgN2O/TJ. The emission factor for Lignite’s CH4 is 0.0402 kgCH4/TJ and N2O is 0.5563 kgN2O/TJ respectively. The coal CH4 and N2O emission factors are lower than the Tier-1, fuel-based method suggested by the IPCC. The significant variations for coal depend on the differences between the producing regions and characteristics, chemical properties, and annual fluctuations in fuel quality. This study has shown that emission factors changed due to the variations of coal used by the power plant, either due to the carbon content or calorific value. This fact certainly will influence the decision-making process, affecting the choice of coal used in the power plants that will be included in future national energy systems
Performance of Carbide Lime Waste Mortar via 24 Hours Accelerated CO2 Curing
Get PDFThis paper examined the use of Calcium Lime Waste (CLW) as a cementitious material for early CO2 capture. CLW is mostly Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) with high CaO concentration, excellent for CO2 capture. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) mortar contained CLW (0-40%) direct substitutions were investigated under physical properties (workability and density), mechanical properties (compressive strength) and CO2 capturing properties (carbonation thickness and CO2 uptake by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)) and porosity properties (Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP)) within the first 24 hours of accelerated carbonation curing, compared to control sample. Results indicated that 30% was the optimum mix based on the workability, CO2 capture and strength. TGA showed the carbonation converted Ca(OH)2 to CaCO3. MIP indicated that CLW increased mortar porosity and reduced pore size relative to the control mortar.
The study shows CLW can act as an effective CO2 absorbent towards sustainable development of the construction industry by reusing industrial waste and sequestering CO2
Flare Synthesis Using Charcoal as a Fuel and Colour Enhancer
Get PDFPyrotechnics have many applications in military and civilian systems, such as signal flares and distress flares. It is mostly used as parachutes or hand-held signal flares to mark particular positions, provide large-area illumination, and provide illumination during emergencies like accidents or for a lost person to attract searchers attention to them. Pyrotechnic flare consists of fuel, oxidizer, and colorant. In this paper, a comparison of the performance and energy output of flares with and without the addition of charcoal is made to determine whether charcoal improves flare efficiency and calorific value as measured by a bomb calorimeter. The composition of flare composition A (FCA) testing number 4 without addition of charcoal that gave the optimum result in terms of flare brightness and ignition time is 73.2 wt% of Sr(NO3)2, 4.9 wt% of NH4ClO4, 12.2 wt% of sulphur, and 9.7 wt% of sawdust. A further analysis of flare composition, with the addition of 0.5 wt% of charcoal, produces brighter red light and a high-intensity flame, including a longer burning time of 90 seconds. Charcoal can not only act as fuel but also improve the red flame colour in flares. A bomb calorimeter is used to measure the heat of combustion for both flares. The heat of combustion of FCA-4 is 798.29 cal/g, while FCB is 664.23 cal/g. Charcoal is successful as a fuel and colour enhancer for flare
Artificial Intelligence HSE Monitoring & Digital Value Stream Mapping for Prefabrication Yard
Get PDFIn the Oil and Gas (O&G) construction project, the most critical part is monitoring and tracking the overall productivity of prefabrication. Productivity measurement was previously done using a manual method, where the process and workers’ productivity were recorded and analyzed. With the rapid rise of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0), applying digital technology will improve overall productivity and provide continuous process improvement. There is a lot of digital technology available in the era of IR 4.0; among the technologies potentially adopted in O&G prefabrication work is digitalization through the Internet of Things (IoT). With the various digital solutions in the market, the research study aims to understand and investigate the adoption and application of Digital Value Stream Mapping (DVSM) for monitoring and tracking overall prefabrication productivity through a questionnaire survey method. After the investigation, the Digital Value Stream Map (VSM) framework was developed for productivity monitoring and tracking for prefabrication work in the O&G industry. Then, validate the developed DVSM framework model through interviews with subject matter experts (SMEs) and pilot deployment of the DVSM framework model at a selected onshore prefabrication yard. The pilot deployment of the DVSM framework provided the outcome of the analysis of the existing process flow, then an enabler to predict the future state of the onshore prefabrication process flow by eliminating the waste produced from labor and material. Finally, the pilot deployment of the conceptual DVSM framework model has proven that the model has improved the overall onshore prefabrication productivity; the study recommends further expand the DVSM framework model in the offshore environment where to track and improve overall construction productivity during the hook-up and commissioning phase either for Brownfield projects or Greenfield projects
Precise Classification of Five Grades Aquilaria Malaccensis Essential Oil: Multiclass Support Vector Machine Utilizing Pattern Graphical Representation on A Two-Dimensional Graph
Get PDFA member of the Thymelaeaceae family, Aquilaria Malaccensis is a well-known tree species recognized for its aromatic resinous wood. In Indonesia and Malaysia, the tree is known by local names such "gaharu" and "karas”. Its resinous wood is highly valued for its distinct scent and is commonly used in cultural, religious, and economic settings. Grading specialists typically use subjective criteria including odour, texture, resin colour, and intensity to categorize agarwood essential oil. Although qualitative assessments offer useful insights into the quality of the essential oil, the absence of established criteria makes it challenging to guarantee consistency and dependability among various grading procedures. The absence of a uniform grading system weakens market stability for agarwood essential oil. This ambiguity may result in market inefficiencies, pricing differences, and disagreements among buyers and traders. Creating a standardized grading system is vital to tackle these problems and maintain the stability the industry. Implementing a standardized grading system in the agarwood essential oil industry can lead to more market openness, higher customer trust, and improved trade relationships for traders. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of multiclass support vector machine (MSVM) strategies in evaluating agarwood essential oil. The multiclass support vector machine is recognized as a highly successful classification tool. The MSVM was built using a Radial Basis Function (RBF) as the kernel function in MATLAB2021b. There are 660 data samples for each chemical elements in the dataset. There are eleven essential chemical elements in the data samples. The agarwood essential oil was classified into a total of five grades. The research presented in this study demonstrates that the actual and predicted data for five grades do not differ in 5x5 confusion matrix, with the pattern graphical representation being dispersed according to its quality classification. The results of the model\u27s performance measurements were documented, and it met all performance requirements with 100% accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision. In conclusion, using eleven chemical elements based on the classification evaluated on five different grades of agarwood essential oil, the model can accurately identify essential chemical elements in agarwood essential oil and separate agarwood essential oil grades into five
Investigation into the Impact of Groove Shape on the Tensile Strength of Commercial Steel
Get PDFIn industry, welding is well known. There is a great demand for effective and quality welding. Manufacturers seek to remain competitive in the market. They rely on their manufacturing engineers and production personnel to quickly and effectively set up manufacturing processes for new products. GMAW is one of the most widely used processes in the industry. Input factors such as welding current, welding voltage, Gas flow rate, wire feed speed (WFS), wire size and welding speed play a significant role in determining the welding quality. Taguchi\u27s design has been a powerful and efficient optimization tool for better quality and performance output of manufacturing processes. In this study, GMAW has welded commercial steel under preset factors of welding voltage, WFS and groove shape. X groove weldments obtained lower tensile strength and hardness than V groove weldments. Taguchi\u27s design is to determine the optimal process factors for higher tensile strength and hardness. The analysis found that welding groove shape had the highest effect on tensile strength and hardness of the welding, followed by voltage. WFS had the lowest influence on tensile strength and hardness. The optimized combination of welding factors is V groove shape, 20 V and 5.9 m/min WFS