International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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Evaluation of the Adhesion Performance on GNP/Ag/SA Conductive Ink Undergoing Different Curing Time and Temperature
Get PDFThis research evaluates the adhesion performance of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)/silver flake (AG)/silver acetate (SA) conductive ink undergoing different curing times and temperatures. The study evaluates how curing parameters, such as temperature and time, impact the resistivity and adhesion strength of the conductive ink. For the preparation of hybrid conductive ink, GNP powder was mixed with ethanol in a beaker. The GNP was sonicated in ethanol for 10 minutes. Then Ag was added to the GNP/ethanol mixture. It proceeded with the sonication for one (1) hour. At room temperature, the mixture powder was poured until it produced a fine powder. Before curing at 250oC for 1 hour, the powder was dripped with organic solvents, 1-butanol, and terpineol and mixed using a thinky mixer machine to form a paste. Next, SA was added to the mixture and sonicated for an additional hour. The solution was heated on a hotplate until the remaining ethanol evaporated. The mixed mixture was then heated in a furnace for one hour to set. The mixture was then pounded until it turned into a fine powder and dripped with 1-butanol and terpineol then mixed using a thinky mixer machine to form a paste. The hybrid conductive ink paste was then printed on copper substrates and was cured at 240°C, 250°C, and 260°C for 4, 5, and 6 hours respectively for each different curing temperature. A crosshatch adhesion test was done to assess the hybrid conductive ink\u27s adherence to the cooper substrates. In this test, the material\u27s adhesion was evaluated using the ASTM D6677 standard. This standard uses an adhesion scale which ranges from 0B to 5B, where 5B represents the best adhesion. The findings demonstrated that the increased curing temperatures have an adverse effect on the adhesive strength of the conductive ink, highlighting the correlation between curing conditions and adhesion qualities. Future research should focus on the effects of integrating additives or modifying ink composition to improve adhesion qualities during high-temperature curing
Outage Performance of Free-Space OpticalCommunication Systems Over Turbulent Channels with Varying Atmospheric Visibilities
Get PDFFree space optics is the technology where beams of light provideoptical connection using a line-of-sight path for communication as aform of video, voice, and data information between two points. A fewof the FSO system's limitations include atmospheric attenuationcaused by weather, which is the most difficult issue to solve because itseriously impairs system performance and results in poor signaltransmission. One of the important performance measures foranalyzing and enhancing FSO functionality for various fading statesassociated with different data rates is outage probability. This articleexamines FSO in terms of transmission optical power, feasible bitrates, and outage probability under clear, hazy, and moderate toheavy rainy conditions. The MATLAB simulation is implemented to dothe performance study. However, aperture diameters D = {20, 40, 80,100} mm and link distances L = {2.0, 3.5, 5.0} mm are seen to beessential characteristics for evaluating system performance. For allscenarios, the system's power consumption can be minimized byusing larger aperture diameters at lower bit rates, particularly in clearweather
Tensile Strength of Warm Rubberised Asphalt Mixtures Produced Using Dry Method
Get PDFRecycling crumb rubber in the asphalt industry is an excellent way to reduce the wastage of this byproduct. It has been demonstrated that crumb rubber obtained from used tyres can be used as an addition or replacement material to enhance the characteristics of asphalt mixtures. Considering the importance of expanding a technology for a greener future, producing a crumb rubber warm asphalt mixture (CRWMA) is the aim of this study. This study focuses on investigating the resilient modulus and moisture susceptibility of the asphalt mixtures. The AC14 samples were prepared by replacing 2% to 4% of the net weight of aggregate with crumb rubber, and 3% Sasobit from the total weight of the optimum binder content was used to modify the base binder. The JKR specification and Marshall mix design were used to obtain the optimum binder content of the samples. The effect of crumb rubber proportion in asphalt mixture was determined by observing the mixture\u27s volumetric properties, resilient modulus and moisture susceptibility. The results show that asphalt mixture incorporated with crumb rubber had a greater resilient modulus and indirect tensile strength, even though it was produced at 20°C lower than hot mix asphalt, compared to a conventional asphalt mixture. It indicates that crumb rubber has improved the elasticity of the samples. In conclusion, a combination of 3% crumb rubber and 3.0% Sasobit is the optimum composition for producing a better performance of warm rubberised asphalt mixture compared to a conventional asphalt mixture
Fatigue Behaviour of Basalt and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Filled with Granite Fly Ash
Get PDFThe granite processing industry produces substantial amounts of residual granite waste daily. This waste is collected through a filtration process during the drying and heating stages of concrete mixture production. This study conducts an experimental investigation into the potential use of granite fly ash (GD) as a filler to enhance the fatigue properties of basalt/glass composites (BFRC/GFRC). The research focuses on evaluating the tensile and fatigue characteristics of the developed fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Composite samples were fabricated by incorporating granite fly ash (GD) in varying proportions, namely 1wt%, 3wt%, and 5wt%. The FRP laminates were produced using a hand lay-up technique with silicon mold and were cut using a cutting machine. The study\u27s findings indicate significant improvements in tensile and fatigue properties, especially for FRP with 3% weight loading, in both BFRC and GFRC. Notably, adding just 1wt% granite fly ash (GD) resulted in an 8.6% increase in tensile and a substantial 26.9% increase in modulus for the BFRC composite. Under fatigue loading, the fatigue properties of the BFRP specimens showed better fatigue properties compared to GFRC. Furthermore, enhanced fatigue life counts were noted for the composite labeled BG3, which includes 3.0 vol% granite fly ash. However, an increase to 5.0 vol% resulted in a reduction in fatigue life counts. In summary, the study highlights the beneficial impact of incorporating granite fly ash, particularly within the 1%, 3%, and 5% weight range, on the mechanical properties of both BFRC and GFRC composites
Improve WSN Lifetime Based on K-Means, Genetic Clusters, and Data Compression
Get PDFEnvironmental monitoring and industrial process automation are dependent on wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The limited power supply of WSNs\u27 sensor nodes makes energy efficiency difficult. The key goals are selecting cluster heads (CH), distributing nodes, transmitting data, and compressing data. Genetic algorithms improve CH selection. This method incorporates residual energy, base station (BS) distance, and communication overhead. Network lifetime and energy efficiency are maximised by the selection of genetic algorithms. The sensor nodes are distributed using K-means clustering to share load and energy consumption among clusters in a balanced way. Our study\u27s multi-hop data transmission mechanism sends compressed data packets to the base station. Multi-hop communication reduces sensor device energy use. Intermediary nodes for data forwarding significantly reduce network energy usage. To save energy, we suggest implementing a compressed data packet transmission technique. Compression methods minimize data packet size while keeping data precision, improving sensor network energy efficiency. This sustains the network\u27s longevity. Our proposed method has been extensively simulated for energy usage, network longevity, and data delivery ratio. The results show 100% optimization over LEACH, LEACH-C, FIGWO, PSO, ABC-SD, CGTABC2 & ACO, ED-LEACH, I-LEACH, CBDAS, GHND, R-LEACH, MH-LEACH, D-LEACH, 98% for ADMH-LEACH. This study optimizes sensor efficiency in wireless networks by conserving energy in the LEACH protocol. It helps design resilient and efficient WSNs, enabling sensor-driven applications in energy-constrained environments
Exploring Time-Domain OFDM Signal Generation: Performance Analysis in Communication Systems
Get PDFOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a method used to send multiple signals over a communications link where it can transmit subchannel frequencies closely spaced without overlapping. Furthermore, OFDM is a multicarrier modulation commonly used in telecommunication, especially in wireless communication systems such as the 4th Generation (4G) and Long-Term Evolution (LTE) due to its capability of providing some advantages in terms of data transmission. In a conventional OFDM system, the OFDM signal generation is made using complex input data represented in the frequency domain before being transformed into the time domain for transmission. This paper intends to explore the viability of generating the OFDM signal using a time-domain approach. This study then further assesses the processing performance of OFDM signal simulated as a communication system, in the frequency domain and the time domain by analyzing the Bit-Error-Rate (BER). In this study, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) were applied. The findings indicate that, the generated OFDM signal using the time domain method shows similar characteristics in terms of amplitude to those generated conventionally, specifically at , and for the time and frequency domain, respectively, when QAM is utilized. Meanwhile, using QPSK, at , the amplitude for the frequency and time domain are and . The error obtained between frequency and time domain are relatively small, and for QAM and QPSK, respectively. Besides, the BER value using QAM, at , is about for both time domain and frequency domain, which closely mirrors the theoretical BER. Similarly, for QPSK, at , BER is 0.0023, 0.0030, 0.0035 for the theoretical, time domain, and frequency domain, respectively. Based on the findings, the time-domain approach can be used in generating the OFDM signals and less complexity rather than the conventional, and the choice of domain does not introduce significant variances in the performance of the OFDM signal in communication system
Feedback Filtered-OFDM Waveform Candidature for Interference Mitigation in 5G Networks and Beyond
Get PDFThe ever-growing demand for more filtered waveforms to improve communication system’s quality triggered the development of a novel Feedback Filtered-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (FF-OFDM) Channels Access (CA) technique. This work presented some significant applications of FF-OFDM, which are the capability of mitigating Inter-Channels Interference (ICI), Inter-Symbols Interference (ISI), and Adjacent Channels Interference (ACI) better than previous CA techniques. This research introduced a paradigm shift from the traditional method of mitigating ICI, ISI, and ACI to a more advanced method using Artificial Intelligence (A1) coded non-unity feedback probe. At 60 kHz Subcarrier Spacing (SCS), the FF-OFDM obtained an interference power mitigation of 47.0 dB for ICI, 39.0 dB for ISI, and 27.0 dB for ACI, outperforming the conventional model of Filtered Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (F-OFDM) which realized 31.6 dB for ICI, 27.0 dB for ISI, and 22.0 dB for ACI. For the tests of the performance of the communication channel, the FF-OFDM achieved a Bit Error rate (BER) within at 27 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) better than realized by conventional and modified versions of F-OFDM. Effective interference mitigation to improved signal quality is a requirement by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for the Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) objectives
A Novel Hybrid Deep Learning-based Approach for Sensor Data Recovery in Structural Health Monitoring
Get PDFStructural health monitoring (SHM) systems contribute significantly to ensuring the safety of construction works. However, in reality, data loss often occurs due to many different reasons. A unique hybrid deep learning-based method for recovering sensor data in structural health monitoring (SHM) is presented in this research. The suggested technique accurately reconstructs missing or corrupted sensor data by utilizing the advantages of both Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). While the RNN models time dependencies to recover the missing sequences, the CNN pulls important patterns from the data. The method\u27s great accuracy in recovering sensor data, even under complex circumstances, is proven using case study real-world bridge monitoring data. The steps taken and the analysis of the results are clearly stated in the study. According to the results, the CNN-RNN combination performs better than conventional techniques and provides notable reliability gains for SHM applications. Future studies will try to improve the model even further and investigate how it may be used to a variety of sensor data and structural types.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Substrate Surface Energy and Ink Surface Tension Effects on Deposition of Conductive Ink
Get PDFPrecise control of conductive ink deposition remains challenging in printed electronics manufacturing, where substrate variability significantly impacts pattern fidelity and electrical performance. This investigation comprehensively examines how substrate surface energy (SSE) and ink surface tension (ST) interactions govern the formation of line width through integrated computational-experimental methodology. Using Ansys Fluent with enhanced Volume of Fluid modelling, seventeen substrate materials covering surface energies from 16.49 to 65.39 mJ/m² were analysed to establish quantitative deposition relationships. The computational framework incorporated a modified formulation accounting for contact angle dynamics and substrate-specific wetting behaviour. Silver conductive ink particles were deposited via controlled droplet methodology to isolate surface energy effects from dispensing variables. Results demonstrate 87.9% variation in line width across the investigated spectrum, with optimal deposition occurring within a narrow SSE range of 40-45 mJ/m². FR4 substrates achieved target line widths with minimal deviation (+2.3%), while ceramic materials exceeded targets by up to 53.8%. The enhanced model exhibited a substantial reduction in prediction error compared to conventional approaches, particularly within the optimal surface energy window, where errors remained below 6%. These findings provide manufacturers with actionable guidelines for substrate selection and surface treatment optimization, challenging current quality control paradigms while offering pathways toward more predictable, sustainable manufacturing processes in aerospace structural health monitoring and precision electronics applications.
 
Inventory Management Policies for Maintenance Spare Parts: Integration of Analytic Hierarchy Process and Multicriteria ABC Classification in the Plastics Industry
Get PDFThis study establishes supply management policies for maintenance spare parts in a plastics transformation company, using a methodology applicable to any industry managing spare parts inventories. It addresses the challenges of excessive inventory levels and the lack of objective rules for defining stock quantities and parameters by applying a multicriteria approach based on AHP and ABC classification, incorporating expert judgment through the Delphi method. The classification assigned the highest weight to criticality (0.683), followed by supply (0.2) and maintenance (0.117), ensuring a balanced evaluation. Demand analysis revealed that 69% of spare parts exhibit erratic demand, 39% have no recorded demand, and only 145 out of 3,842 items show stable demand, allowing the application of double exponential smoothing forecasting techniques. Based on these findings, a periodic inventory review system was implemented with demand-adjusted policies: (R, S) with safety stock (IS) for class A and B items with stable demand and adjusted IS levels or stock elimination for erratic demand items when justified. This strategy led to a 30% reduction in excess stock and a 15% increase in spare parts availability, optimizing costs and operational efficiency. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of establishing shared indicators between logistics and maintenance, maintaining accurate demand records, and centralizing spare parts storage to enhance decision-making and minimize downtime. These findings contribute to improving inventory management and reducing operational disruptions in industrial environments