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    IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TAXONOMY OF FLAVOBACTERIUM BY DNA:rRNA HYBRIDIZATIONS

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    DNA:rRNA hybridizations revealed the considerable heterogeneity of named flavobacteria. Low % GC Flavobacterium aquatile, F. pectinovorum, F. tirrenicum, F. uliginosum, F. odoratum, F. breve, F. meningosepticum and several named Cytophaga species form a large, heterogeneous cluster. Several other Flavobacterium species are misnamed and belong in entirely different taxa

    NEBENWIRKUNGEN BEI DER PRÜFUNG HOCH SCP-HALTIGER DIÄTEN AN GEFLÜGEL

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    Side effects of high amounts of dietary SCP in poultry A bacterial single cell protein (Methylomonas clara) was tested for tolerance in chicken and baby quail (cot. cot. jap.). The semipurified diets contained mainly corn starch, soy oil, SCP (methionine and arginine supplemented) and soy protein, respectively as the sole source of protein. The amount of dietary SCP was varied between 25 and 60 3. Feeding the spray dried SCP to quail as mash diets resulted in high mortality rates which were correlated to increasing amounts of SCP. Pelleting reduced mortality and increased growth remarkably. In chicken, further improvement of both criteria could be achieved by adding extra (165 ug) cholecalciferol to the diet (control level: 33 pg/ kg). Chicken fed SCP diets with control cholecalciferol level showed rickets and depressed serum Ca and P as well as bone ash. By comparing orally and parenterally given cholecalciferol in SCP and soy diets, it could be concluded, that SCP affects probably the intestinal availability of vitamin D. Chicken on SCP diets showed dose related diarrhoe, which could be observed on quail only to a minor extent. In the SCP chicken groups an increased liver weight was stated. It is discussed that diarrhoe, which is obviously species dependent, probably induces rickets and increased liver weight by an alteration of intestinal absorption

    LARGE-SCALE CHROMATOGRAPHY

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    The physical phenomena occurring in operating large chromatography columns are discussed on both a molecular and macroscopic level. The problems connected with the use of macroporous gel materials for the fractionation of biological macromolecules are briefly discussed

    BIOMASSEABTRENNUNG BEI DER ANAEROBEN ABWASSERREINIGUNG

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    Eine Reihe von Vorteilen spricht eindeutig für den verstärkten Einsatz mikrobieller anaerober Prozesse zur Vorbehandlung von organisch hochbelasteten Industrieabwässern, als eine sinnvolle Ergänzung herkömmlicher Belebtschlamm-Verfahren. Der Nachteil der anaeroben Behandlung liegt allerdings in der niedrigen Biomasse-Konzentration durch die Energielimitierung des Wachstums und den langen Generationszeiten der beteiligten Mikroorganismen. Aufgrund der autokatalytischen Verhältnisse, die mikrobiellen Prozessen zugrunde liegen, ist zur Erhöhung der Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute in kontinuierlichen Systemen eine Entkopplung der Verweilzeiten für Substrat und Zellmasse erforderlich. Dies geschieht mit Hilfe der verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Biomasse-Rückhaltung und -Rückführung. Von den bekannten Varianten der Biomasse-Rückhaltung erscheint die Immobilisierung durch Adsorption auf inerten Trägermaterialien als besonders gut geeignet. Dabei nutzt man eine den Mikroorganismen durchaus vertraute Neigung des Haftens an Oberflächen, die reaktionstechnisch durch gezielte Streßbedingungen ganz ausgeprägt zur Geltung kommt. Von den Methoden der Biomasse-Rückführung wird hier die Abtrennung schwach absetzfähiger Mikroorganismen im Reaktorablauf durch die Flotation favorisiert als ein komplementäres Werkzeug zur herkömmlichen Sedimentation. Bisherige experimentelle Ergebnisse beim anaeroben Abbau von synthetischen und praktischen Abwässern werden vorgestellt und unterstreichen die Wichtigkeit der Einbeziehung moderner Erkenntnisse bei der Verbesserung der Leistung anaerober Systeme

    BACTERIOCINS IN MYXOCOCCUS FULVUS

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    During attempts to isolate temperate phages in Myxococcus fulvus , it was observed that three strains distinctly inhibited growth of other fulvus strains. Further investigations were carried out with Myxococcus fulvus 16 (Mxf 16) which produces larqe, clear inhibition-zones. Mxf 16 produces a bacteriocin ("fulvocin 16") which, according to the definition, is specific with respect to its action on the growth of other myxobacteria, while exerting no inhibitory effect on other bacterial genera. Maximal fulvocin 16 concentration is obtained when cultures are harvested at the end of the growth curve. Mitomycin fails to stimulate production of this bacteriocin. Ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by column-chromatography on DEAE and Sephadex G 200 results in a ten-fold purification of this bacteriocin, is resistant to the actions of trypsin, pronase, DNase and RNase. No bacteriocin-activity is demonstrated after treatment with chloroform, while its activity gradually decreases when incubated at 100°C. It is presumed that fulvocin 16 is a bacteriocin of low molecular weight

    IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FLAVOBACTERIUM SPECIES FROM CLINICAL SOURCES

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    Clinical isolates of aerobic yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative bacteria allied to Flavobacterium are classified in five taxa of which F. meningosepticum, F. odoratum and Group IIb are of some importance as human pathogens. Antibiotic resistance is a feature of these bacteria and preliminary data suggest their resistance is chromo— somally determined and not plasmid mediated. The taxa can be separated from each other by various biochemical tests and by data on chromosomal DNA characteristics. The similarities within and between species of Flavobacterium can be conveniently illustrated by means of bivariate scatter diagrams, with GiC content and base pairing as the variables. It is evident from such diagrams that most clinical species of Flavobacterium and unnamed taxa are comprised of a 'core' of highly related strains (typical strains) with a number of 'outliers' (atypical strains). The classification of the latter strains is problematic since they are often indistinguishable from typical strains in conventional phenotypic tests. The food and environmental strains so far examined are often atypical when compared with the clinical isolates

    A COMPARISON OF SOME GRAM-NEGATIVE, YELLOW PIGMENTED RODS ISOLATED FROM ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLINICAL SOURCES

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    A numerical taxonomic study was undertaken to compare 86 strains of Gram negative, yellow pigmented rods including 9 reference strains and 17 clinical isolates. Computation of data by a nearest neighbour sorting strategy separated a group of 28 strains at the 65% s level which corresponded to the revised genus description of Flavobaeterium [12]. This group included strains of F. breve (NCTC 11099), F. odoratum (NCTC 11036), King's group IIb (NCTC 10795), clinical isolates and environmental isolates. F. meningosepticum (NCTC 10016), NCTC 10798 (King's group IIf) and F. aquatile (NCIB 8694) were excluded and the latter was contained in a group with F. peetinovorum (=C. johnsonae NCIB 9059) and other gliding strains. In the Flavobaeterium group four isolates were presumptively identified as F. odoratum, five isolates as F. breve, but the remainder could not be assigned to well defined species. The results of the study have been used to illustrate research needs for Gram negative yellow pigmented rods

    SYNTHESES OF COMPLEX OLIGOSACCHARIDE SEQUENCES OF GLYCOCONJUGATES

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    The methods of chemically synthesizing complex oligosaccharides have made amazing progress in the past few years. The three basic reactions, especially suited for the selective linking of saccharide units, are characterized. In particular, examples of syntheses, which deal with the construction of oligosaccharide chains from the area of glycolipids and oand N-glycoproteins, are presented. The new methods of conformation analysis are explained, exemplified by an octasaccharide structure. Information concerning the molecular form of an oligosaccharide is given

    BLASENFREIE ZELLKULTURBEGASUNG MIT BEWEGTEN, PORÖSEN MEMBRANEN

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    Für die Vermehrung von tierischen Zellen wurde ein neues Begasungssystem entwickelt. Seine Konstruktion mit hydrophoben, porösen Accurel-Hohlfasermembranen und der Einsatz im Reaktor mit 1- und 20-1-Reaktionsvolumen werden an Hand von Züchtungen einer genetisch manipulierten Maus-Zellinie vorgestellt. Die Stofftransportkapazität in Abhängigkeit von Gasflußraten durch die Membran und von der Membranbewegung wurden dargestellt

    SILICONSCHLAUCH-BEGASUNGSSYSTEM ZUR KULTIVIERUNG VON INSEKTENZELLEN

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    Die Bedeutung der industriellen Anwendung tierischer Zellkulturen zur Herstellung biologischer Produkte hat in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen. Insektenzellen dienen dabei zur Produktion von Insektenviren. Diese werden aufgrund ihrer hohen Wirtsspezifität als selektiv wirkende biologische Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel verwendet. Die Produktion von Insektenviren erfordert als Grundlage die Bereitstellung großer Mengen an Insektenzellen, die als Wirtszellen für die Virusreplikation dienen. Da jedoch Insektenzellen unter den tierischen Zellen besonders empfindlich sind, sind sehr schonende Fermentationsbedingungen einzuhalten. Beim Scale up von Bioreaktoren für Suspensionskulturen tierischer Zellen treten von bestimmten Volumina an Schwierigkeiten bei der optimalen Versorgung der Zellen mit Sauerstoff auf. Beim Arbeiten in kleineren Volumina reicht der Sauerstofftransport vom überstehenden Kopfvolumen im Fermenter durch die bewegte Oberfläche in die Kulturflüssigkeit hinein noch aus. Wird jedoch das Fermentationsvolumen erhöht, so ist bald eine Grenze erreicht, oberhalb derer zusätzliche Begasungsmethoden erforderlich sind. Diese können z.B. durch in die Zellsuspension eingebrachte Begasungsvorrichtungen realisiert werden

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