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Measuring the Impact of Macroeconomic Variables on the Gross Domestic Product in Iraq
No full textThe aim of the research was to measure and analyze the impact of certain macroeconomic variables (public expenditure, money supply, inflation rate, unemployment rate, and export volume) on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Iraq for the period 2004-2023. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used to measure the dynamic interactions in both the short and long term between these macroeconomic variables as independent variables and GDP as the dependent variable. The research hypothesized that there is both an inverse and direct impact of certain macroeconomic variables on GDP in Iraq. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which was the confirmation of the research hypothesis. This was demonstrated by the fact that money supply, inflation rate, and unemployment rate had a direct and inverse impact on GDP in the short term, while public expenditure and exports had a direct impact. In the long term, public expenditure and unemployment rate had an inverse impact on GDP, while money supply, inflation rate, and exports had a direct impact on GDP. Accordingly, the research recommended that economic policymakers in Iraq focus on balanced management of public expenditure and money supply, while promoting exports and controlling inflation and unemployment rates, to achieve sustainable growth in GDP in both the short and long ter
Analysis of the Relationship Between Selected Supply-side Economic Policy Indicators and Economic Growth Indicators in Iraq (2004–2023)
No full textThis study focuses on the relationship between indicators such as investment in infrastructure, human capital development, development of non-oil sectors, and economic growth indicators. It relies on analysis of secondary data from official sources, namely Central Bureau of Statistics and Central Bank of Iraq. It uses a descriptive analytical approach to evaluate the development of indicators of aggregate supply (unemployment, inflation, fixed capital formation) and economic growth (gross domestic product, national income). The results show that aggregate supply policies contributed to achieving fluctuating economic growth, but this growth was not sustainable due to structural challenges such as excessive dependence on oil, administrative corruption, security fluctuations with declining growth, high unemployment rates (reaching 14.89% in 2022), and inflation (53.1% in 2006). On the other hand, infrastructure investments recorded a noticeable improvement during periods of high oil prices, but they did not translate into actual economic diversification. The research concluded that the effectiveness of aggregate supply policies in achieving sustainable development was weak due to the structural fragility of the Iraqi economy, as well as the high rates of unemployment despite oil growth, which reflects the failure of policies to create job opportunities outside the public sector
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Sustainable Development Through Improving the Productivity of Economic Sectors
No full textThis research addresses the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in supporting sustainable development efforts by enhancing the productivity of economic sectors. Amid the rapid transformations occurring in the contemporary world, AI has emerged as one of the leading technological tools contributing to increasing economic efficiency, optimizing resource utilization, and achieving environmental balance. The study focuses on the potential of AI and its practical applications in several vital sectors, particularly agriculture, industry, and services, highlighting how these technologies can be leveraged to improve production performance and enhance decision-making efficacy. Additionally, the research reviews the theoretical frameworks related to AI, including the definition of the concept, its historical development, and an overview of its most prominent applications within the economic context. The content of the study is directly aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations, especially those pertaining to innovation, inclusive growth, and sustainable economic development. The research also discusses the key challenges associated with integrating AI technologies into various sectors, such as the high costs of adoption, ethical concerns, and the growing fears of job displacement in traditional roles. Drawing on the analysis of several applied studies and real-world models, the research highlights the tangible economic, environmental, and social benefits AI can contribute to. Furthermore, the study offers a set of recommendations aimed at fostering a conducive legislative and investment environment for the adoption of AI technologies, thereby facilitating the transition toward a more sustainable and innovative economy. Consequently, this research seeks to underscore AI as a strategic tool for enhancing the productivity of economic sectors and achieving sustainable development across its various dimensions, within an integrated framework that balances the demands of economic growth with environmental and social considerations
Evaluating the Role of Environmental Social, and Governance Quality in Enhancing Competitiveness and Investment Returns in Indonesia's Energy Sector
No full textSustainable development has become a global commitment, particularly vital in the energy sector due to its susceptibility to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues. Despite compliance with regulations, the impact of ESG on performance remains unclear, as many companies implement ESG merely to fulfill regulatory requirements. This research aims to empirically determine whether the quality of ESG implementation enhances competitiveness and subsequently influences investment performance in Indonesia’s energy sector. A causal research design was employed, with competitiveness as a mediating variable and investment performance as the dependent variable. The study sample comprises 15 energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2022, selected based on ESG data availability via Bloomberg. We measure the ESG quality by disclosure scores, competitiveness by the return on invested capital (ROIC) divided by the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), and investment performance by return on assets (ROA). We analyze data using multiple regression with mediation by EViews software. The study finds that environmental performance implementation positively influences competitiveness, enhancing investment performance, the social and governance not positive significant. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and industry practitioners on the importance of environmental practices in achieving sustainable competitiveness and investment returns. This research contributes to the literature by empirically demonstrating the mediating role of competitiveness in the relationship between environmental performance and investment performance in the energy sector
Analysis of Profitability and CSR on ESG with GCG as a Moderation Variable
No full textThe main goal of companies is to obtain the greatest possible profit. However, to achieve this goal, companies often ignore the social and environmental impacts that arise from economic activities or actions carried out by the company. Capital owners who are only oriented towards profit or material (single line), have damaged the balance of life by over-emphasizing human potential. Corporate responsibility no longer refers to the single bottom line, namely the company’s value reflected in financial conditions alone, but rather the company’s responsibility must implement triple bottom lines which include financial, social, and environmental aspects. This is because financial conditions alone are not enough to guarantee that the company’s value grows sustainably. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not there is an influence of ESG on the sustainability of corporate profits through the implementation of CSR. This study uses a quantitative method to test the established hypothesis by collecting data using research instruments, analyzing data in the form of numbers through statistical processing of certain populations and samples. The population used in this study were 193 manufacturing companies listed on the IDX. The sample determined is a company whose criteria provide CSR Reports during 2020-2022 as many as seven companies. The results state that there is an influence of profitability on ESG, an influence of CSR on ESG, and GCG does not strengthen the influence of profitability on ESG, and GCG is able to strengthen the relationship between CSR and ESG
Digital Banking, Green Banking and Sustainability Business: A Systematic Literature Review
No full textIn the last few years, the trend of digital banking through digital transformation has been undergoing fairly rapid development. One factor in the development of this digital banking is its practical and fast process. Digital banking continues to evolve and bring about innovations to meet the needs and lifestyles of people. Thus, the presence of digital banking through digital transformation is expected to enhance the sustainability of the banking business in Indonesia. Through green banking, banks are no longer focused on achieving profit, but also focus on responsibility in efforts to preserve environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards. The Financial Services Authority (OJK) is urging banks to increase efficiency in running their operations so that credit interest rates can be cheaper. Through efficiency, operational burdens can be reduced. The operational survival of the Indonesian banking sector will depend on the ability of each banking institution to maintain a high level of competitiveness. The aim of this research is to create a conceptual business model for sustainable banking in Indonesia through green banking, digital banking and operational efficiency. The research method used is a quantitative, descriptive research method with a causal approach. The units of analysis in this study are 14 Islamic banks in Indonesia
The Determinant of Energy Firms' Value Through Reference Coal Prices, Capital Structure, Sales Growth, and Profitability: Case Study of Coal Company
No full textCoal is still the main, cheap source of energy, and coal energy sources depend on coal companies that supply the coal needs. The success and interest in investing in coal companies can be seen from the development of the company’s value, but many factors influence the firm’s value. This study aims to find empirical evidence of the effect of reference coal prices, capital structure, and sales growth on a firm’s value mediated by profitability. It uses a causal quantitative method using a path analysis model. The study population was all coal companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2018 to 2022, totaling 18 companies, with data processing using EViews. The results showed that reference coal prices and sales growth did not have a significant effect on the firm’s value, while capital structure and profitability had a significant positive effect. In addition, reference coal prices, capital structure, and sales growth had a significant and positive effect on profitability. Profitability mediates the effect of reference coal prices and capital structure on a firm’s value, but does not mediate the effect of sales growth on a firm’s value. Therefore, coal companies should pay more attention to optimizing capital structure and reference coal prices to increase profitability and corporate value, so that investment in coal companies remains profitable. This, in turn, will help maintain coal supply as a primary and cost-effective energy source that is very important for driving economic development and public welfare
The Study of Green Product Innovation
No full textSustainability has become an important issue along with increasingly worrying environmental conditions. Therefore, it becomes a strategy used in various scopes. This research is a literature study that focuses on green product innovation (GPI) in order to enrich knowledge about sustainability in business sphere. It describes the results of research from various journals regarding GPI published from 2020 to 2024. The company samples from these researches are ranging from corporate, manufacturing, small and midsize enterprises, and transportation and hotel industries. Most of the results state that GPI has a positive effect on company performance, including organizational, financial, business, green, environmental, and sustainability performances. Apart from that, these studies also found that GPI has an influence on competitive advantage in general or green competitive advantage. GPI is mediated by green absorptive capacity and strategic environmental orientation. In addition, GPI also positively mediates environmental orientation and green competitive advantage, green organizational culture and organizational performance, environmental ethics and sustainablility, and supply chain practices and manufacturing performance. However, the results of several studies show that the implementation of GPI has no effect on company value or performance
Investigating the Causal Relationship Between Green Human Resource Management Practices and Reduced Energy Consumption in the Food and Beverage Industry
No full textImplementing green energy policies into human resource practices can encourage the creation of a positive environment. Sustainable development strategies for environmental sustainability are developing rapidly in various companies in the face of challenges and natural disasters caused by ecosystem damage, environmental pollution, climate change, and energy instability. This research aims to analyze the influence of green human resources practices, green employee behavior, and management information systems on sustainable organizational performance with the mediation of green transformational leadership. The research population is employees who have a minimum position of supervisor, with the sample being 78 food and beverage division supervisors. Quantitative research using probability sampling techniques. The survey used a questionnaire method and a Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach with the Smart-PLS analysis tool. Research findings show that employee green behavior, green human resource practices, and management information system have a significant positive effect on green transformational leadership. Employee green behavior, green human resource practices, and management information system have a significant positive effect on sustainable organization performance. Environmentally friendly transformational leadership has a significant positive effect on sustainable organizational performance. Environmentally friendly transformational leadership does not mediate the influence of environmentally friendly employee behavior on sustainable organizational performance; environmentally friendly transformational mediate the influence of environmentally friendly leadership human resource practices, and green transformational leadership does not mediate the influence of management information systems on sustainable organizational performance
Investment Rating of Renewable Energy in Indonesia: Assessing the Mini-hydro Power Plant Using Moody's Rating
No full textThe significance of renewable energy is growing due to several aspects, such as economic considerations, energy resilience, and environmental considerations. In conclusion, the significance of renewable energy is evident, and it is imperative that we continue to allocate resources and advance renewable energy sources to ensure a sustainable and dependable energy outlook. This research aims to identify the investment level of a mini hydro power plant project using Moody’s rating. This also aims to discover how investing in a mini hydro power plant, currently classified as “high risk”, can raise its notch rating or even become an “investment grade” category through Moody’s. Using a case study methodology, this research is qualitative. Purposive sampling was used to select participants for this study, and secondary data sources were used to collect data. The assessment is done by spreading the company’s financial reports for the last three years to obtain historical ratio values and balance sheet variables. In addition, industry/market, company, and management variables are also measured. The data for these variables is sourced from both internal and external sources of the Company, including financial reports, sales reports, annual reports, production reports, and other relevant paperwork. Based on the comprehensive input and analysis results, the assessment results were obtained as “Caa1”, which is included in the “High Risk” investment category. Several suggestions are given to increase companies’ notch rating or investment category to be “investment grade”