Filozofia Publiczna i Edukacja Demokratyczna
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Odpowiedź odpowiedzialności
Full text linkIn philosophical thought of Janusz Korczak the idea of human freedom was connected with concepts of free will and responsibility. In this discussion man’s overexposed need for safety, was seen as biggest threat to freedom. Therefore Korczak argued with middle-class morality, which he was seeing as weak and lacking of spiritual core. Korczak had no doubts, that children should learn the basics of freedom by participating in decision concerning their own lives.In philosophical thought of Janusz Korczak the idea of human freedom was connected with concepts of free will and responsibility. In this discussion man’s overexposed need for safety, was seen as biggest threat to freedom. Therefore Korczak argued with middle-class morality, which he was seeing as weak and lacking of spiritual core. Korczak had no doubts, that children should learn the basics of freedom by participating in decision concerning their own lives
Rhetoric of violence. On eristic methods used by Stalinist courts in the perspective of Chaïm Perelman’s theory
Full text linkEristic methods of the Stalinist courts are a phenomenon, on the one hand, well-documented, yet on the other hand, insufficiently explored from the theoretical perspective. They can be understood as forms of violence occurring in the language of the judicial discourse participants (judges, prosecutors), aimed at the total elimination of political opponents. The article is an attempt to characterise these methods using the conceptual instruments, developed by Chaïm Perelman and presented in the work Logique juridique. Nouvelle rhétorique and L’empire rhétorique. Rhétorique et argumentation. What weighs in favour of using Perelman’s theory are its roots in the abundant achievements of the ancient rhetoric. More importantly, however, one of the main objectives of Perelman was the development of the modern theory of legal argumentation, including judicial one. In this regard, the views of the philosopher are adopted as a counterpoint in the rhetorical analyses of the abuses of the Stalinist courts discussed on the example of the Trial of the Sixteen and the Trial of General A. E. Fieldorf „Nil”
The use of Geographic Information Systems in the participatory management of a big city. Case study of Gdynia
Full text linkThis paper examines the way of including society in decisionmaking processes within cities in the context of the ICT sector development and the usage of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). With universal access to information and increased possibilities of expression and gathering society’s opinion, it creates new forms of democracy that are conducive to participatory management especially in urban units. One of the tools used by the municipal government for the realization of the idea of participation is the Public Participatory GIS (PPGIS). In the first section of the text author focuses on the theoretical framework of social participation processes. Both on the processes of socio-economic transformation as well as on the legal conditions for participation in Poland. Afterwards, the author explains the idea of PPGIS and possibilities of its use in cities. Next section applies to a case study of Gdynia referring earlier theoretical considerations to specific urban practice. There has been described geosurveys technique that was carried out in the city. The text outlines the way of its implementation and its results in the context of the decision and policy-making processes in the big cities on the example of Gdynia. These considerations fit into the theme of creating the information society in the processes of city management, using participatory methods of Geographical Information Systems
Makiawelizm w filozofii polityki i życiu publicznym
Full text linkMakiawelizm w filozofii polityki i życiu publiczny
O egalitaryzmie ekonomicznym
Full text linkEconomic egalitarianism, i.e., the view according to which equality of resources is a social value, has two different forms: the intrinsic and the instrumental. According to the former economic equality is a value in itself (i.e., an ‘intrinsic’ value), whereas according to the latter it is an ‘instrumental’ value, i.e., it is a value in so far as it contributes to the realization of some other values (which, as opposed to equality, are intrinsic), such as, e.g. the alleviation of suffering, higher quality of life, political freedom, or fraternity. Intrinsic egalitarianism is a controversial view, as it is susceptible to the famous ‘levelling down’ objection (formulated by Derek Parfit). We formulate in the paper two main arguments for the view that instrumental egalitarianism is not plausible as well. The first argument says that it is difficult to demonstrate that social and health problems conceived by the adherents of instrumental economic egalitarianism (such as, e.g., Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett) as the effects of inequalities of resources are really caused by these inequalities; we argue that it is more plausible, at least with regard to some of these effects, to maintain that their cause is poverty (and thereby the low absolute, rather than relative, level of income). According to the second argument, even if the adherents of instrumental economic egalitarianism are right in claiming that there exists a causal link between economic inequalities and social and health problems, it would not be sufficient to morally justify their egalitarian view, since the link is to a large extent based upon morally dubious psychological mechanisms, such as envy or the proclivity to overestimate the importance of material resources. Finally, we argue that the view which best harmonizes with the above critique of egalitarianism is the ‘doctrine of sufficiency’ proposed by Harry Frankfurt, which implies that what is important is not equality of resources but that all persons have enough of them.Economic egalitarianism, i.e., the view according to which equality of resources is a social value, has two different forms: the intrinsic and the instrumental. According to the former economic equality is a value in itself (i.e., an ‘intrinsic’ value), whereas according to the latter it is an ‘instrumental’ value, i.e., it is a value in so far as it contributes to the realization of some other values (which, as opposed to equality, are intrinsic), such as, e.g. the alleviation of suffering, higher quality of life, political freedom, or fraternity. Intrinsic egalitarianism is a controversial view, as it is susceptible to the famous ‘levelling down’ objection (formulated by Derek Parfit). We formulate in the paper two main arguments for the view that instrumental egalitarianism is not plausible as well. The first argument says that it is difficult to demonstrate that social and health problems conceived by the adherents of instrumental economic egalitarianism (such as, e.g., Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett) as the effects of inequalities of resources are really caused by these inequalities; we argue that it is more plausible, at least with regard to some of these effects, to maintain that their cause is poverty (and thereby the low absolute, rather than relative, level of income). According to the second argument, even if the adherents of instrumental economic egalitarianism are right in claiming that there exists a causal link between economic inequalities and social and health problems, it would not be sufficient to morally justify their egalitarian view, since the link is to a large extent based upon morally dubious psychological mechanisms, such as envy or the proclivity to overestimate the importance of material resources. Finally, we argue that the view which best harmonizes with the above critique of egalitarianism is the ‘doctrine of sufficiency’ proposed by Harry Frankfurt, which implies that what is important is not equality of resources but that all persons have enough of them
Wegetarianizm we współczesnych religiach światowych. Zarys problemu
Full text linkA purpose of this article is expressing the very interesting issues concerning the ritual sphere of big religions of world. In particular it concerns diet provisions referring to food of the animal origin. Principles of the religion determine in this situation, what kind of food is allowed to the consumption. Is a question, whether it is possible to separate the religion from the vegetarianism? Religions differ from themselves. However they agree as for the need for the moral behaviour and ethic. A charity and sympathizing towards the poor one are core values. These values are valued highly by all religions of world.A purpose of this article is expressing the very interesting issues concerning the ritual sphere of big religions of world. In particular it concerns diet provisions referring to food of the animal origin. Principles of the religion determine in this situation, what kind of food is allowed to the consumption. Is a question, whether it is possible to separate the religion from the vegetarianism? Religions differ from themselves. However they agree as for the need for the moral behaviour and ethic. A charity and sympathizing towards the poor one are core values. These values are valued highly by all religions of world
Etyka zawodowa pracowników państwowych organów kontroli
Full text linkState audit institutions constitute a very important part of the contemporary model of state. Auditors (people employed by state audit institutions), being professionals, should fulfill many duties which are customarily assigned to them by the society. In their daily work auditors should observe statutes and codes of ethics. The ethics of auditors of the Supreme Audit Office (Najwyższa Izba Kontroli) is held in high regard among rules of conduct for auditors. It serves a model for ethics in other state audit institutions, such as the National Labour Inspectorate (Państwowa Inspekcja Pracy) or Regional Chambers of Audit (regionalne izby obrachunkowe). Ethics of auditors is a special kind of ethics expected from public administration employees.State audit institutions constitute a very important part of the contemporary model of state. Auditors (people employed by state audit institutions), being professionals, should fulfill many duties which are customarily assigned to them by the society. In their daily work auditors should observe statutes and codes of ethics. The ethics of auditors of the Supreme Audit Office (Najwyższa Izba Kontroli) is held in high regard among rules of conduct for auditors. It serves a model for ethics in other state audit institutions, such as the National Labour Inspectorate (Państwowa Inspekcja Pracy) or Regional Chambers of Audit (regionalne izby obrachunkowe). Ethics of auditors is a special kind of ethics expected from public administration employees
Demokratyczny status sądowej kontroli konstytucyjności prawa
Full text linkConstitutional review of legislation is the power to examine statutes for their conformity with the constitution. This competence is performed by the judiciary. The origins of this institution date back to XIX century and since that time constitutional review of legislation has became an important institution in most democratic states. In the paper, the author answers the most important charge raised against constitutional review – that it lacks democratic legitimacy. According to Jeremy Waldron, there is always a loss to democracy when a majoritian decision is overruled by a politically unaccountable court. As an answer to Waldron’s objection, the author introduces three arguments for the democratic status of constitutional review. These arguments point to three different sources of legitimacy for constitutional review: democratic will of the people, the principle of respect for the democratic reason, and substantial democratic values.Constitutional review of legislation is the power to examine statutes for their conformity with the constitution. This competence is performed by the judiciary. The origins of this institution date back to XIX century and since that time constitutional review of legislation has became an important institution in most democratic states. In the paper, the author answers the most important charge raised against constitutional review – that it lacks democratic legitimacy. According to Jeremy Waldron, there is always a loss to democracy when a majoritian decision is overruled by a politically unaccountable court. As an answer to Waldron’s objection, the author introduces three arguments for the democratic status of constitutional review. These arguments point to three different sources of legitimacy for constitutional review: democratic will of the people, the principle of respect for the democratic reason, and substantial democratic values
