ETHICS IN PROGRESS
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Narratives of (Mad) Desire
Get PDFSatisfied desires make you happy. Desires are fantasy narratives a person tells about her life and goals. They focus on intentional objects that are happiness-makers for the person: to achieve them is supposed to make one happy. Normally, such objects are good things and their context is seen in a positive manner. However, the goals may also be hurtful, as the person herself sees it. These are, at least sometimes, mad desires. To explain them, it is not enough to say that they are impulsive and irrational, unconscious, or that they are good in disguise. I explain what this means and give some examples. I also consider the thesis that satisfaction of desire is less than full happiness, which may well be true. This becomes clear when we think of moral choices.Satisfied desires make you happy. Desires are fantasy narratives a person tells about her life and goals. They focus on intentional objects that are happiness-makers for the person: to achieve them is supposed to make one happy. Normally, such objects are good things and their context is seen in a positive manner. However, the goals may also be hurtful, as the person herselfsees it. These are, at least sometimes, mad desires. To explain them, it is not enough to say that they are impulsive and irrational, unconscious, or that they are good in disguise. I explain what this means and give some examples. I also consider the thesis that satisfaction of desire is less than full happiness, which may well be true. This becomes clear when we think of moral choices
Oceny moralne w procesie wyrokowania przez sąd karny
Get PDFThe article Moral judgments within processing by criminal court. An overview is designed to be an introduction to problems of moral evaluations within criminal process. It is stated that evaluations necessarily contribute to sentences´ guilty or unguilty and judges pass them to achieve justice. Let us call chosen institutions of penal law to show how problematic axiologica reasoning and evaluative procedures can really be. There is no universal or higher moral system in which judge\u27s evaluations would be rooted. Each judge needs to develop his own moral judgment competence. Courts have to justify values-based sentences to make them convincing for the whole society
On the Historical Development of Confucianists’ Moral Ideas and Moral Education
Get PDFThe Confucian ethics which is the main body of the Chinese traditional culture has established its “basic morality” or “mother morality” not only in China, but also in some of the Asian countries. It is formed in the long historical development of more than 2000 years. First of all, it had the contention of a hundred schools of thought in the Pre-Qin Dynasty, and the Confucianist thought with its own colors was formed at that time. When Dong Zhongshu made his suggestions that restrained all other schools but only respected Confucianism, the predominance of Confucianism over the political life had been defined in Chinese society. After the later generations’ cooperating thing of diverse nature with unity of opposites, it was developed into the idealist philosophy of the Song (960 -1279) and Ming (1368-1644). Dynasties, which combined Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism. The critical development of the modern Chinese society to Confucianist thought made us scholars have a timely reflection on the Confucian ethics. The requirement of constructing a harmonious world in the present time made us further considerate the moral education with Confucianist ethics
Jacobi i jego polemika z idealizmem transcendentalnym
Get PDFThe subject of this article is the practical philosophy of Friedrich H. Jacobi (1743-1819), which the author tries to reconstruct on the basis of the work entitled “Jacobi an Fichte” (1799). Jacobi distinguishes between two kinds of truth: “Wahrheit” and “das Wahre.” The former is the rational truth (knowledge), the latter – the intuitive truth (faith). In his opinion, the error of transcendental idealism, the exponents of which are Kant and Fichte, is that it respects only the rational truth. However, Jacobi points to the fact that while reason and necessity are the same, the former is contradictory to individual freedom. Therefore, the concept of transcendental idealism – despite the intentions of its exponents – leads to the negation of freedom and ethics. These can be only justified by the intuitive truth, which is strongly connected with Christian religion
Belief as a Cognitive and Practical Commitment
Get PDFExploring the idea of a more practical relationship between the agent and his own mental life leaves room for reconsidering the relevance of the familiar analogy between reasons for belief and reasons for action. Even if their difference is usually admitted, they are also treated as equivalent, in the sense that the connection between reasons to believe and the arising belief would be analogous to the connection between reasons for action and the arising action. If such an analogy might be relevant to a certain extent in the frame of a theoretical stance towards oneself, I\u27ll argue that it cannot be maintained once we have put the agent at the heart of self-knowledge
Minimalism and Expressivism
Get PDFThere has been a great deal of discussion in the recent philosophical literature of the relationship between the minimalist theory of truth and the expressivist metaethical theory. One group of philosophers contends that minimalism and expressivism are compatible, the other group contends that such theories are incompatible. Following Simon Blackburn (manuscript), I will call the former position ‘compatibilism’ and the latter position‘incompatiblism.’ Even those compatibilist philosophers who hold that there is no conflict or tension between these two theories—minimalism and expressivism—typically think that some revision of minimalism is required to accommodate expressivism. The claim that there is such an incompatibility, I will argue, is based on a misunderstanding of the historical roots of expressivism, the motivations behind the expressivist theory, and the essential commitments of expressivism. I will present an account of the expressivist theory that is clearly consistent with minimalism
‘Boghossian’s Blind Reasoning’, Conditionalization, and Thick Concepts. A Functional Model
Get PDFBoghossian’s (2003) proposal to conditionalize concepts as a way to secure their legitimacy in disputable cases applies well, not just to pejoratives – on whose account Boghossian first proposed it – but also to thick ethical concepts. It actually has important advantages when dealing with some worries raised by the application of thick ethical terms, and the truth and facticity of corresponding statements. In this paper, I will try to show, however, that thick ethical concepts present a specific case, whose analysis requires a somewhat different reconstruction from that which Boghossian offers. A proper account of thick ethical concepts should be able to explain how ‘evaluated’ and ‘evaluation’ are connected
Connections and Abstractions: Blending Epistemologies of Love and Separation in Environmental Education
Get PDFUnderstanding the epistemological dimension of the subject–object dichotomy is crucial for environmental learning. Contrasting the epistemologies of separation and love, Arthur Zajonc argues that learning is seriously limited unless we focus more attention on fostering deep connections of respect, love, and participation with the objects we study. Although an attitude of detachment and objectivity is sometimes appropriate, understanding such things as social justice and the environment demand an approach that softens the sharp dichotomy between knower and thing–to–be–known. While largely agreeing with Zajonc, we emphasize that the epistemologies of separation and love should not be seen as wholly distinct or unrelated. A deep understanding of ourselves and the world around us depends upon a shifting back and forth between these approaches, though this will, admittedly, not be susceptible to any strict set of methodological rules. Learning depends upon not only understanding how to use these two epistemologies, but, importantly, learning how to shift between them with ease. Furthermore, we suggest that Zajonc’s use of the dual concepts of the logic of discovery and of justification to illustrate his two epistemologies can be made more descriptively accurate and prescriptively useful by noticing that in the process of learning—of discovering—investigators can and do move fluidly between seeking detached objectivity and connectedness. We embrace a broad pedagogical approach to environmental education consistent with Zajonc’s view and that is place–based and multi– and trans– disciplinary. This includes a rejection of the priority of science over the humanities, a narrowing of the gap between knower and thing–to–be–known, and a move away from attempts to excessively abstract from particulars to generalities and law
Factors of Chinese Adolescents’ Moral Judgment Competence – Findings from Hubei Province
Get PDFThis paper uses MJT designed by German moral psychologist Lind as a measurement tool, selects 1933 teenagers from Wuhan, Xiangfan or Hubei province. The result shows that participants’ C-sore of different age is 16.90. Character of politic lies remarkable difference, and gender, profession, education, etc., doesn’t. But the specific characters of them have something to be concerned. On this basis, the author gives some advices and countermeasures for education departments