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Determinants of Urban Poverty: The Case of Medium Sized City in Pakistan
Get PDFThe process of urbanisation has dual impact on the development
process of an economy. Initially, it encourages the workers to switch
from low productive sector i.e. agriculture to high productive sectors
like services and manufacturing [Becker, et al. (1994)]. Subsequently,
it generates formidable problems for residents by depriving them of
access to essential basic needs [Egziabher (2000)]. It is also observed
that the poor try to urbanise faster as compared to the whole population
[Ravallion (2007)] and this urbanisation process leads toward the
emergence of urban poverty. Urban poverty is distinct from the rural
poverty with respect to its incidence, economic, demographic and
political aspects. The urban poverty can be controlled by developing the
clear understanding of its nature, magnitude and intensit
Cluster-Based MSE Development: The Role of Kaizen Training
Get PDFIt has been increasingly recognized that entrepreneurship
holds the key to industrial development in developing countries [World
Bank (2012)]. Indeed, a significant number of studies find that
productivity and profitability vary greatly across enterprises even in
the same industry in the same country, and that a large part of the
variation can be accounted for by the difference in management
practices1Identifying and supporting high-potential entrepreneurs may be
the key to the success of industrial development. Entrepreneurship is
the capacity to introduce new ideas into practice and to manage
enterprise operations efficiently. Innovation here does not necessarily
mean scientific discovery or engineering invention but the Schumpeterian
creation of a new combination of production resources and new ideas to
increase profits. In the context of developing economies, innovation
includes borrowing technology or learning from abroad. The first
introduction of products and production processes from developed
countries into a developing country and the first adoption of management
practices that may be common in developed countries but are novel in
developing countries are considered to be innovations
Quantifying Vulnerability to Poverty in a Developing Economy
Get PDFThe concept of vulnerability extends the idea of poverty to
include idiosyncratic as well as aggregate risks which can be defined as
the probability of being in poverty or to fall deeper into poverty in
the future. It can be categorised on the micro-and macro level where
macro vulnerability refers to worldwide threats to social welfare, e.g.
globalisation and recent international financial crises. Conversely,
micro vulnerability refers to the household level risks including health
risks, economic shocks, social shocks, natural disasters, and
demographic shocks [Tesliuc and Lindert (2004)]. To assess and estimate
vulnerability to poverty, various approaches had been proposed. First,
vulnerability can be seen as a probability of falling into poverty in
near future [Chaudhuri (2003); Christaensen and Subbarao (2005)]. The
other ways of measuring vulnerability consider it as low expected
utility [Ligon and Schechter (2003)] and vulnerability as uninsured
expose to risk, i.e., measures of cost, in terms of consumption [Tesliuc
and Lindert (2004)]. The basic idea is that the state of poverty at a
given point actually is not sufficient for assessing poverty and for
drawing results to design poverty reduction programs. Households face
various risks and do not know whether any possible shock will hit them
in future. So the assessment of poverty at a given point in time is a
static approach, not considering possible changes in the future. By
assessing vulnerability it refers to the dynamic perspective, it is
explicitly forward looking and tries to include the risks that may push
people into poverty in futur
From Chronic Disease to Food Poverty: Evidence from Pakistan
No full textWhile poverty and its causes have long been studied by
economists, the link between chronic disease and food poverty has been a
neglected area of research. This article investigates the impact of
chronic disease on food poverty by using two rounds of panel data of
Pakistan and linear probability regression framework. Chronic disease is
defined to include diabetes, arthritis, heart disease, AIDS, cancer and
asthma. The regression results show that on average the effect of
chronic disease on food poverty is statistically equal to zero, but this
effect significantly varies by income groups categorised by three
non-income based classifications. We note that the incidence of chronic
disease is significantly higher among non-poor when permanent income of
the household is incorporated into the model, most notably among
individuals coming from low- and middle-income backgrounds. Thus public
health policies that seek awareness, prevention and treatment of chronic
diseases have the potential to alleviate poverty in a high poverty
environment
Fiscal Policy and Its Role in Reducing Income Inequality: A CGE Analysis for Pakistan
Get PDFIncome inequality is one of the critical barriers to growth
and development in most of the developing countries including Pakistan.
Every third man in Pakistan falls below the poverty line1. Moreover, the
budget deficit has also been a serious issue throughout the history of
Pakistan‟s economy. The persistent budget deficit is the constant source
of increasing poverty and deterioration of income distribution. Since
deficit is financed by increasing indirect taxes and money supply, it
causes the reduction in purchasing power and leads the masses towards
poverty [Arif and Farooq (2011)]. Therefore, it is a dire need of the
economy to have a good public policy such that it could reduce budget
deficit, alleviate poverty and redistribute income. Malik and Saqib
(1985) suggest that the resources of the economy can be distributed
equally only through appropriate changes in the tax system. Fiscal
policy can have a significant influence on removing the gap between
haves and havenots both directly and indirectly. It directly affects the
disposable income of individuals, whereas affecting their future earning
capacities indirectl
Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (The Mahbub Ul Haq Memorial Lecture)
No full textLadies and gentlemen, and friends, Asslam o alaeekum! It is
really a joy and an honour to be here at the PIDE Conference and also to
be able to speak in the lecture that carries the name of Mahbub Ul Haq.
I was honoured to do the doctoral fieldwork affiliated with the Human
Development Centre (HDC) in Islamabad. I did my D.Phil fieldwork in 1996
and 1997 and of course then participated in the activities of the HDC at
that time. It was really the vision of Mahbub Ul Haq, his eloquence,
passion and commitment to the work, which gives one a sense of gravity
and a sense of potential importance of gathering communities of people
to debate issues about which we perhaps do not agree but which are so
important to the society. I hold that memory very much in the mind. What
I would to do today is to speak a little bit about multidimensional
poverty not as an end in itself but, as we have heard in all of the
presentations in this Conference, as the reason to address poverty,
inequality, or inclusive growth to use the tools of our trade as agents
of change. I begin with the quote from John Dreze and Amartya Sen that
positive change have often occurred and yielded some liberation when the
remedy of ailments has been sought actively and with vigour. I think one
of the distinguishing features of the academic conferences it that we
get space and time to really try to crystallise some of the issues that
lies at the heart of these topics
Impact of Nature-based Tourism on Earnings of Local People: Evidence from Keenjhar Lake in Pakistan
Get PDFNature-based tourism is the fastest growing part of tourism
[Kuenzi and McNeely (2008)]. Wetland areas including lakes are an
important source of nature-based tourism as tourists like their scenic
views and enjoy doing different activities including swimming, canoeing,
diving and learning about nature [van der Duim and Henkens (2007)].
Wetlands are amongst the most important ecosystems on Earth and provide
numerous goods and services including recreational services [Mitsch and
Gosselink (2007)]. Increasing demand for nature-based tourism has raised
the importance of wetland
Marginality as a Root Cause of Urban Poverty: A Case Study of Punjab
Get PDFHistorically poverty as a concept was considered to be a key
factor to design social policy. The social development normally is
concerned with socio-economic empowerment of the poor of the concerned
society. It is always been a key issue for developing as well as
developed countries, however the nature and treatment of issue varies.
The treatment of poverty is different from society to society. In
advanced countries, an individual who is unable to actively participate
in society or has weak social network, environment, health and education
etc. is considered to be poor. Financial empowerment is also considered
to be important in these countries but it takes into account with other
dimensions of poverty [Lyberak and Tinios (2005)]. However, in
developing countries, policy focus is still on uni-dimensional
definition of poverty where a single dimension either consumption or
income is a strong factor that affects the standard of living of an
individual [Wagle (2005)]. Though the multidimensional poverty concept
is also getting attractiveness in these countries with a perception that
an individual’ status in one dimension cannot represent his status in
another dimension but still there remains dearth of policy-making.
Another important transformation in the literature on poverty is seen in
terms of identification of nexus of marginality, social exclusion and
poverty [Ruth, et al. (2007); Zoran, et al. (2006); Whelan and Bartrand
(2005)
Shocks as a Source of Vulnerability: An Empirical Investigation from Pakistan
Get PDFThe objective of this paper is to investigate the incidence of
different types of shocks in rural Pakistan and identify the household
characteristics that are associated with this phenomenon. It is observed
that one-third of households experience an adverse shock, be it
natural/agricultural, economic, social or relating to health. The
natural/agricultural shocks have major share in the total burden of
shocks while the households‘ coping mechanism is overwhelmingly informal
and largely asset-based. The poorest of the households adopt
behaviour-based strategies like reducing food consumption, employ child
labour, work more hours etc. Overall, households of with less educated
heads, high dependency ratio, large household size, low welfare ratio,
farm household, ownership of land and residing in south Punjab or Sindh
are more vulnerable to suffer shocks, particularly of income.
Vulnerability in terms of a decline in consumption is observed for
households who are hit by natural/agricultural or health shocks. For all
these reasons, a gradual shift from traditional emergency relief
measures towards ex-ante actions to reduce and mitigate hazard impacts
should be encouraged along with non- exploitative credit and more
effective safety nets. JEL Classification: C21, C25, I32 Keywords:
Shocks, Vulnerability, Povert