Högskolebiblioteket i Halmstad Publikationer
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On the feasibility of Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) on bluetooth and Wi-fi
No full textThe study thesis is to determine the possibility of tracking humanmovement in an indoor space using exclusively wireless signals as measurements, received by low-cost ESP32-C3 microcontrollers. The results are two basic scalars that can be found on commodity hardwareknown as the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) based on thecommunication of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and the distance estimates based on the Wi-Fi Fine Time Measurement (FTM). Although guided by the vision of the concept of Integrated Sensing andCommunication (ISAC), the piece conformists this paradigm to a miniature of a microcontroller in size, using the non-abundant hardwareand relative low-power of lacking computational capabilities. A prototype system was designed with four ESP32-C3 nodes set totwo independent subsystems namely: a BLE subsystem which wouldsense the RSSI and Wi-Fi subsystem which would range FTM. Theaverages of the RSSI and the FTM distance were recorded block-wisewithin a fixed indoor room on a Python-based logging pipeline running on a personal computer as the presence and movement of oneperson varied systematically. An experimental design was to be usedinvolving a sequence of stationary and motion situations such as anempty room, a motionless person standing in different positions, andthe multiple walking paths which crossed or visited the inter-nodespace. The findings show that there is qualitative distinction between thestationary and the motion conditions in both RSSI and FTM. Eachmetric had variation in a narrow range around a constant value inboth the empty-room and stationary-person conditions. On the otherhand, the motion left behind significant temporal changes- such asdips, spikes, and sustained changes compared with baseline, indicating that it is sufficient that simple threshold based rules based ondeviations with the baseline can be used to distinguish most motionperiods and no-motion periods in the considered setup. The experiments also show that RSSI and FTM provide complementary data,and that combining them, they provide a stronger depiction of channel dynamics than either of them used independently. Although there are drawbacks related to the reliance on the environment, single-room testing, and qualitative analysis, the resultssupport the possibility of the creation of a simple, ISAC-inspired motion detector using the help of the off-the-shelf ESP32-C3 boards andbasic wireless measurements.Studiens avhandling syftar till att fastställa möjligheten att spåra mänskliga rörelser inomhus med hjälp av enbart trådlösa signaler som mätningar, mottagna avbilliga ESP32-C3 mikrokontroller. Resultaten är två grundläggande skalärer somkan hittas på vanlig hårdvara, känd som Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), baserad på kommunikationen via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) och avstånduppskattningar baserade på Wi-Fi Fine Time Measurement (FTM). Även om arbetet vägleds av visionen bakom konceptet Integrated Sensing and Communication(ISAC), anpassar det detta paradigm till en miniatyr av en mikrokontroller i storlek, med hjälp av den begränsade hårdvaran och den relativt låga strömförbrukningen på grund av bristande beräkningskapacitet. Ett prototyp system designades med fyra ESP32-C3 noder inställda på två oberoende delsystem, nämligen: ett BLE-delsystem som skulle känna av RSSI och ettWi-Fi-delsystem som skulle mäta avståndet FTM. Medelvärdet för RSSI och FTMavståndet registrerades blockvis i ett fast inomhus rum på en Python-baserad loggnings pipeline som kördes på en persondator, då en persons närvaro och rörelsevarierade systematiskt. En experimentell design skulle användas som involveradeen sekvens av stationära och rörelsesituationer, såsom ett tomt rum, en orörligperson som stod i olika positioner och de flera gångvägarna som korsade ellerbesökte utrymmet mellan noderna. Resultaten visar att det finns en kvalitativ skillnad mellan stationära och rörelse förhållanden i både RSSI och FTM. Varje mätvärde hade variation inom ettsmalt intervall runt ett konstant värde i både förhållandena med tomt rum och förhållandena med stationär person. Å andra sidan lämnade rörelsen efter sig betydande tidsmässiga förändringar - såsom dippar, toppar och ihållande förändringarjämfört med baslinjen - vilket indikerar att det är tillräckligt att enkla tröskel baserade regler baserade på avvikelser från baslinjen kan användas för att skilja deflesta rörelse perioder och perioder utan rörelse i den betraktade uppställningen.Experimenten visar också att RSSI och FTM ger kompletterande data, och att degenom att kombinera dem ger en starkare bild av kanal dynamiken än någon avdem användes oberoende av varandra. Även om det finns nackdelar relaterade till beroendet av miljön, testning iett enda rum och kvalitativ analys, stöder resultaten möjligheten att skapa enenkel, ISAC-inspirerad rörelsedetektor med hjälp av de standardiserade ESP32-C3 korten och grundläggande trådlösa mätninga
Implementation without formal decisions : A qualitative study of AI in schools
No full textThe increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as ChatGPT in Swedish schools has largely developed in the absence of formal policy decisions and clear guidelines. This study examines how the lack of a formal policy framework affects teachers’ prerequisites for using AI in upper secondary education. Adopting an implementation perspective and drawing on Lennart Lundquist’s model of will, ability, and understanding, the study analyzes how teachers navigate a context characterized by limited steering and unclear expectations. The study is based on qualitative interviews with teachers and focuses on how individual motivation, access to resources, and interpretations of responsibility and mandate shape the implementation of AI in everyday school practice. The findings show that although many teachers express an interest in using AI, implementation is constrained by insufficient resources, limited organizational support, and uncertainty regarding roles and expectations. Understanding emerges as a particularly important factor, as teachers must interpret the absence of policy and develop local practices on their own. The study contributes to implementation research by highlighting how policy absence influences actors’ behavior and implementation processes. It also demonstrates that the integration of AI in schools should be understood not only as a pedagogical or technical issue, but as a question of governance and steering. Word count: approximately 10000 words.
Konflikter som lärandetillfällen : Pedagogers arbete med barns konflikthantering i förskolan
No full textConflict management is a natural part och everyday life in preschool, where children learn to interact and develop social skills. This study explores how educators work with conflict management and how they percieve that children develop skills trough conflicts. Qualitative interviews were conducted with nine preschool educators in Halland County, and the analysis was performed using thematic analysis with Cohen's conflict pyramid as a theoretical framework. The results show that conflicts primarily arise due to competition over material resources, disagreements in play, and communication barriers. Educators work both preventively and reactively, mainly on the pyramid levels of Prevention, Self- Management and Meditation, while the Stop level is rarely used, as conflicts are usually resolved before escalation. Conflicts are viewed as valuable learning situations where children develop empathy, turn-taking, perspective-taking and self regulation. The findings contribute to a better understanding of how conflict management can be integrated into everyday preschool practice and demonstrate that conflicts can serve as meaningful opportunities for learning and social development. Konflikthantering är en naturlig del av vardagen i förskolan, där barn lär sig samspela och utveckla sociala färdigheter. Denna studie undersöker hur pedagogerna arbetar med konflikthantering och hur de upplever att barn utvecklar färdigheter genom konflikter. Studien bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med nio pedagoger verksamma i Hallands län, och analysen genomfördes med tematisk analys samt med Cohens konfliktpyramid som teoretisk utgångspunkt. Resultaten visar att konflikter främst uppstår på grund av materiella resurser, oenighet i lek och kommunikativa hinder. Pedagoger arbetar både förebyggande och reaktivt huvudsakligen på pyramiden första tre nivåer: förebyggande, självhantering och medling. Stoppnivån används sällan eftersom konflikterna oftast löses innan de eskalerar. Pedagogerna framhåller att konflikter kan omvandlas till lärandesituationer där barn utvecklar empati, turtagning, perspektivtagande och självreglering. Studien bidrar till ökad förståelse för hur konflikthantering kan integreras i förskolans vardag och visar att konflikter inte enbart är utmaningar utan även värdefulla tillfällen för lärande och social utveckling.
Investigation and verification of a new acceleration pedal platform in cars
No full textThis thesis explores how signals from the Acceleration Pedal Module (APM) are processed by the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) in the New Platform, with a special focus on the SENT protocol, which is not widely understood. The study aims to uncover how the pedal’s position and movement are translated into signals and how these signals can be monitored and verified effectively. A key part of this work is understanding the sensors in the acceleration pedal, including how they measure the pedal position and the speed at which it is pressed, which provides insight into vehicle responsiveness.The research also investigates the tools needed to carry out these analyses, particularly the CANoe software, which is used for testing, development, and monitoring the communication between the APM and ECU. Beyond understanding the current system, the thesis investigates recent advancements in signal processing within the New Platform and how these improvements enhance the accuracy and reliability of the acceleration pedal.Finally, the thesis proposes a practical model for a test rig that can be used in a Hardware-inthe-Loop (HIL) environment. This setup is designed to support the development and testing of APM-related ECU software, ensuring that the acceleration pedal interface performs reliably and efficiently. Overall, the study combines theoretical understanding with practical solutions to improve vehicle performance
The cost of efficiency : A qualitative text analysis of the effects on public values from AI implementation in Swedish municipalities
No full textThis essay aims to identify which public values motivate and legitimise the implementation and increased use of artificial intelligence (AI) in Swedish municipalities. It also examines which public values risk being deprioritised when AI is implemented, with particular focus on democracy, transparency and accountability. The study is conducted through a qualitative text analysis of municipal policy documents from four Swedish municipalities that differ in size and in their degree of AI maturity. The material is complemented by reports and guidelines from national authorities and other relevant actors. The theoretical framework for this essay is Public Value Management. Mark Moore’s strategic triangle is used to highlight how different public values are formulated, prioritised or downplayed in the material. The results show that efficiency and operational capacity are recurring motives for AI implementation, and are often linked to demographic change, resource constraints and increasing service demands. Democratic values such as right to appeal, transparency and accountability are in principle recognised as important, but are treated in more general terms and given less concrete content. This suggests that these democratic values risk being undermined and deprioritised in favour of operational efficiency goals. Overall, the study indicates that AI in municipal policy documents is primarily legitimised through effifiency and operational capacity, while democratic dimensions of public value are pushed to the background. This raises questions about how municipalities can balance effeciency demands with democratic legitimacy
When Threats and Violence Force Change : A Policy Analysis of the 2025 Legislative Amendment Concerning the Working Environment of Elected Officials
No full textThis study examines the Policy Process behind the legislative amendment “Stärkt skydd för vissa förtroendevalda och en tydligare intern kontroll i kommuner och regioner” (Prop. 2024/25:80). The aim of the study is to examine how the legislative amendment was developed and how municipalities understand and plan to implement it. The study is based on Vedung´s (2016) Policy Process Model. It uses a qualitative analysis of important documents, such as government reports and parliamentary decisions. This study also uses interviews with municipal civil servants. The analysis focuses on how the problem was defined, how the policy was designed and how it is going to be implemented. The results show that there was broad agreement that the problem is very serious. The final legislation only applies to certain elected representatives. Although other proposals were discussed, they did not lead to major changes. The study also shows that municipalities understand the purpose of the legislative amendment in similar ways. Many municipalities see the legislative change as a clarification of work they already do, rather than as a completely new task
Spiral-Based Image Distortion Correction and Mosaicing using Robots in Texture less Environments–Ice-Rinks
No full textImage distortion correction and stitching are well-established problems in computer vision, typically addressed using traditional methods that rely on calibration targets or feature extraction from the image. However, these conventional approaches face limitations when applied to large-scale, textureless environments, such as ice rinks, where calibration targets are impractical, and stitching is rendered unreliable due to the lack of texture clues. This research introduces a novel method that uses spiral codes mounted on a mobile robot and ultrasound sensors to effectively rectify image distortion and provide clues for image stitching in such challenging settings. Our approach is particularly beneficial in environments lacking discernible features or textures, where traditional image stitching methods fail. Leveraging spiral patterns to establish correspondences between overlapping image areas enables accurate stitching even in featureless scenes. Integrating an autonomous mobile robot with ultrasound sensors further provides ground truth measurements for distortion correction and image stitching. The thesis first formulates the research questions with appropriate motivation and justification, then introduces the suggested solution, and ultimately demonstrates the combined application of distortion correction and image stitching using the proposed methodology
Från Petter till Einár : Språklig variation i svensk rap mellan 1998 och 2024
No full textDetta arbete undersöker hur språklig variation i svenska raptexter har förändrats mellan åren 1998 och 2024. Genom en kvalitativ och kvantitativ textanalys av 36 topplistade rapsinglars låttexter analyseras användningen av slang och kodväxling i tre avgränsade tidsperioder. Studien baseras på ett sociolingvistiskt ramverk med fokus på språk, identitet och praktikgemenskaper. Resultatet visar en tydlig ökning av både slanguttryck och kodväxling, särskilt till engelska, vilket indikerar att rapmusiken i Sverige blivit mer flerspråkig och stilistiskt komplex över tid. Förortsslang förekommer i högre grad i senare perioder, vilket tyder på en ökad språklig normbrytning och lokal förankring i genren. Språkbruket i raptexterna speglar därmed både individuella identitetsskapande processer och bredare samhälleliga förändringar. Arbetet diskuterar även rapmusikens didaktiska potential i svenskundervisningen. Raptexter kan användas som ett pedagogiskt verktyg för att synliggöra språklig variation, stärka elevers språkliga medvetenhet och främja en inkluderande och normkritisk undervisning
Management control system in a hybrid work environment : A qualitative study on the impact on hybrid work on motivation, productivity and profitability
No full textBackground: When the Covid-19 pandemic was officially recognized, a new way of working was established, remote work, as authorities recommended working from home to the extent possible. Although restrictions have since been lifted, remote work continues in many organizations in the form of hybrid work. This flexible work model presents both opportunities and challenges, especially regarding employee motivation, productivity and management control. In this thesis, the authors has aimed to examine how hybrid work affects employee motivation and productivity, as well as how it may have influenced the corporate profitability. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to describe and analyze how hybrid work affects a company’s profitability, as well as employees’ productivity and motivation. Research questions: - How can employees’ motivation be affected by hybrid work? - What impact can hybrid work have on employee productivity? - How does hybrid work reflect the company’s profitability? Method: The study is based on a qualitative interview study in which 15 semi- structured interviews were conducted with respondents in both managerial positions and employees’ roles. The thesis adopts an abductive approach where a combination of theory and empirical data has been used to develop a more nuanced understanding of the effect of hybrid work. The literature review was based on previous research as well as established and well-proven theories. Conclusion: The study shows that employees generally experience improved motivation and productivity due to increased flexibility and independence. From a management perspective, a more restrictive view of the work model is expressed with challenges noted in terms of management control, monitoring and direct control. The profitability has been affected, in the form of cost savings
Business Principles and Social Responsibility in Balance : A Thematic Analysis of Municipal Housing Companies’ Approach to Balancing Business Principles and Social Responsibility
No full textThis study conducts a thematic analysis to explore how Swedish municipal housingcompanies, affiliated with Sveriges Allmännytta (formerly SABO), navigate the dualrequirements of operating according to business principles while fulfilling their socialresponsibilities. Through semi-structured interviews with representatives from elevenmunicipal housing companies in medium-sized Swedish cities, the research examines theirapproaches to achieving business-oriented goals, meeting public utility obligations, andbalancing these objectives. The findings reveal that business principles are interpreted as aframework for long-term economic stability and professional decision-making, rather thanshort-term profit maximization. Social responsibility is deeply embedded in the companies’operations, manifested through initiatives like tenant engagement, community safetyprograms, and sustainability efforts, though the term Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)is rarely used explicitly. The study highlights that these companies view economic stabilityand social responsibility as interdependent, with a stable financial base enabling socialinvestments. However, challenges arise from varying local conditions, political directives,and the difficulty of measuring social outcomes. The research underscores the need forclearer guidelines on business principles and more robust methods to evaluate social impactsto strengthen the balance between these dual mandates