Högskolebiblioteket i Halmstad Publikationer
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Inkludering i idrottsföreningar för barn och unga med särskilda behov : Föreningsledares erfarenheter och strategier för att skapa trygga och välkomnande idrottsmiljöer
No full textFöreliggande studie syftade till att utforska föreningsledares erfarenheter och strategier för att skapa trygga och inkluderande idrottsmiljöer för barn och unga med särskilda behov. Organiserad idrott utgör en central arena för att främja fysisk aktivitet, social samhörighet och psykologiskt välbefinnande samt för att möjliggöra utvecklingen av långsiktiga hälsobeteenden och en aktiv livsstil. Samtidigt visar forskning att barn och unga med särskilda behov ofta exkluderas från idrottens hälsofrämjande effekter. Studien riktar fokus till hur föreningsledare arbetar med inkludering samt vilka hinder och utmaningar de möter i sitt arbete. Genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med 11 föreningsledare från olika idrottsföreningar samlades sata in och analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att struktur, föutsägbarhet, trygghet och emotionellt stöd var avgörande för att skapa en inkluderande atmosfär. Vidare betonas betydelsen av relevant kunskap och utbildning för att möta varje deltagares individuella behov. Studien belyser den roll föreningsledare har i att främja en inkluderande idrottsmijö vilket i sin tur bidrar till stärkt självkänsla, delaktighet och långsiktiga positiva effekter för barn och ungas hälsa och livsstil. The present study aimed to explore sport coaches´ experiences and strategies for creating safe and inclusive sport environments for children and youth with special needs. Organized sport constitutes a central arena for promoting physical activity, social cohesion, and psychological wellbeing. This field also promotes the development of long-term health behaviors and an active lifestyle. However, research shows that children and youth with special needs are often excluded from health promoting benefits of sports. This study focuses on how sport coaches work with inclusion and which barriers and challenges theyt encounter in this context. Data were collected trough qualitative semi-structured interviews with 11 coaches from various sport clubs and was analyzed using thematic analysis. The results indicate that structure, predictability, safety and emotional support are essential for creating an inclusive atmosphere. Furthermore, the importance of relevant knowledge and education is emphasized to meet each child and youths´individual needs. The stuudy highlights the role that sport club coaches play in promoting inclusive sport environments, which contributes to strenghtened self-esteem, increased participation and long-term positive outcomes for children´s and youths health and lifestyle.
Development and Algorithm Optimization of a Radar-Based Obstacle Detection System for Outdoor Applications
No full textThis report presents the development of a radar-based obstacle detection system designed for vehicle attachments, such as roof boxes and bike racks. Using the Acconeer A121 sensor, the system aims to detect objects and issue adaptive warnings based on distance and relative velocity, to help prevent collisions. Design choices, including the use of different operational modes, sensor settings, and the selection of signal processing and sorting algorithms, were made to achieve low execution times, power consumption, and memory usage. Two spectral analysis methods, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and a simplified Welch’s method, were implemented and compared. The results showed that the system reliably detected large objects and issued warnings in time to meet braking distance requirements at speeds up to approximately 16 km/h in controlled environments. However, performance declined at higher speeds and with smaller targets, partly due to hardware limitations. The FFT implementation had faster measuring and processing and lower power consumption, while the Welch implementation offered somewhat higher accuracy for small or distant targets. To become a fully functional product, improvements are needed in detection range and in defining which real-world targets should trigger warnings. Evaluating an approach combining the FFT and Welch’s method is also recommended
Addressing Challenges in EV Charging Infrastructure in Kerala : Comparative Study on Small-Scale E2W Manufacturers and Users
No full textThis study discusses the impact of limited electric vehicle (EV) public charging infrastructure on the adoption of electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) in Kerala, India. The study is based on a mixed-methods approach and combines qualitative data from interviews with small-scale E2W manufacturers with quantitative data obtained from surveys among E2W consumers. The research investigates the effects of infrastructure issues - low availability, unstandardization, and technical unreliability- on supply-side (manufacturer) decisions and demand-side (customer) behavior. Thematic analysis is employed to elicit significant issues challenged by manufacturers and comparative analysis to contrast with those of users. Evidence suggests manufacturers’ and consumers' needs and infrastructure capacity are aligned, highlighting the importance of standardised, accessible, and reliable charging infrastructure in facilitating E2W adoption in emerging economies like Kerala
"Ena dagen offer, nästa dag förövare” : En kvalitativ studie om samhällsaktörers förståelse av risk-och skyddsfaktorer till rekrytering för organiserad brottslighet inom ramen för BOB
No full textDenna studie undersöker hur samhällsaktörer inom det förebyggande arbetet i Halmstad kommun, med utgångspunkt i BOB-uppdraget, identifierar och bemöter risk- och skyddsfaktorer kopplade till barn och ungas rekrytering till organiserad brottslighet. Särskilt fokus riktas mot resurstillgångar, genusaspekter och digitaliseringens påverkan. En kvalitativ metod tillämpas där semistrukturerade intervjuer med sakkunniga som företräder deras verksamhet omfattar datainsamlingen. Empirin synliggör hur praktiker och tolkningar utvecklas och formas inom det förebyggande arbetet. Analysen grundas på sociologiska teorier om kapital och trygg bas samt teorier om det senmoderna samhället och individualiseringen. Resultatet indikerar att samhällsaktörer tolkar risk- och skyddsfaktorer utifrån både individens kön samt tillträde till materiella och sociala resurser, vilket styr hur stödinsatser anpassas och prioriteras. Digitaliseringens nya roll för med sig krav på nya arbetsmetoder för att nå ut till barn och unga i både fysiska och digitala arenor. Studien lyfter även fram vikten av att förstå hur institutionella strukturer och praxis bidrar till att ojämlika förutsättningar reproduceras inom brottspreventivt arbete.This study examines how public actors involved in preventive efforts in the municipality of Halmstad, within the framework of the BOB initiative, identify and respond to risk and protective factors related to the recruitment of children and young people into organized crime. Particular focus is placed on access to resources, gender-related aspects, and the impact of digitalization. A qualitative method is applied, using semi-structured interviews with professionals representing their respective organizations as the basis for data collection. The empirical material highlights how practices and interpretations are developed and shaped within preventive work. The analysis is based on sociological theories of capital and secure base, as well as theories on late modern society and individualization. The results indicate that public actors interpret risk and protective factors based on both the individual’s gender and access to material and social resources, which influence how support measures are adapted and prioritized. The emerging role of digitalization brings new demands for working methods to reach children and young people in both physical and digital arenas. The study also emphasizes the importance of understanding how institutional structures and practices contribute to the reproduction of unequal conditions within crime prevention efforts
Betalningsförseningar i byggbranschen och dess konsekvenser : En undersökning om hur betalningsförseningar påverkar entreprenadbaserade byggföretag och hur frekvent problemet är
No full textThe purpose of the executed qualitative study is to examine how frequently payment delays occur in the Swedish construction sector, how it affects the contractor’s payment possibilities towards other participants and how the contractors’s cash flow is affected. With the data collected from the interviews the results show that payment delays occur in Swedish construction industry but differs in frequency and extent between projects and often depends on the client’s level of experience. The participating contractors are mostly active within the public sector and to some extent in the private sector. Generally, the perception is that the client has a key role in minimizing payment delays and that late payments are more likely to happen in the private sector. The results show that late payments have a negative effect on the contractor’s economy and that the frequence of payment delays differ between different projects and contractor. The conclusion is that the problem is complex not only affected by contractors and clients, but also other participants such as banks. Established contractors with a good cash flow plan, cash flow and buffer are affected by payment delays but can handle them well. Newly started and smaller contractors with lower cash flow and smaller buffer are more vulnerable to payment delays that can have big consequences. Subcontractors are especially vulnerable because of their position in the payment chain.Den utförda kvalitativa studiens syfte är att undersöka hur frekvent betalningsförseningar uppstår, hur det påverkar entreprenörens betalningsmöjligheter mot andra aktörer och hur entreprenörens kassaflöde påverkas. Med hjälp av de utförda intervjuerna visar resultatet på att betalningsförseningar förekommer i svensk byggsektor och att det skiljer sig mellan projekt och beror ofta på hur erfaren beställaren är. De deltagande entreprenörerna jobbar i stor utsträckning inom LOU mot offentliga beställare och i viss mån mot privata beställare. Den generella uppfattningen hos de respondenterna är att beställaren har stor påverkan på hur ofta betalningar sköts och att det därför kan förekomma betalningsförseningar oftare när beställare är privata. Resultatet visar på att betalningsförseningar påverkar entreprenörens ekonomi negativt och att frekvensen av betalningsförseningar skiljer sig mellan olika projekt och entreprenör. Slutsatsen dras att problemet är komplext och inte bara påverkas av entreprenören utan även beställare och andra aktörer såsom banker. Etablerade entreprenörer med god likviditetsplanering, kassaflöde och buffert påverkas men kan hantera betalningsförseningarna väl. Nystartade eller mindre företag med mindre buffert och kassaflöde är känsligare för betalningsförseningar som kan leda till stora konsekvenser. Underentreprenörer är specifikt utsatta på grund av deras position i betalningskedjan
NITROGEN REMOVAL IN WETLANDS AFFECTED BY CONCENTRATION OF CARBON
No full textWetland plays a crucial role in removal of nitrogen through some microbial processes like denitrification. Denitrification has been shown to be affected by organic carbon concentrations. The aim of the study is to determine the impact of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and composition on nitrogen removal in wetland. This study consists of two parts. Firstly, a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of concentration and composition of DOC on nitrogen removal. Secondly, analysis of the data collected from 10 constructed wetlands in different catchment areas to investigated which environmental factors affect nitrogen removal. The laboratory experiments involves nitrogen- rich wetland water that is treated with different types of DOC (glucose, cellulose and acetate) in different concentrations (control, 0.05 mol/L, 0.1 mol/L and 0.2 mol/L). Then the nitrogen removal was measured over 5 days. The result shows there is no significant difference in nitrogen removal between treatments with different concentrations for any of the carbon sources such as glucose, cellulose and acetate. In the field analysis only one wetland named Fjelkner showed a significant positive correlation between the TOC and the nitrogen removal that is r= 0.637 and p= 0.008, but in case of all other wetlands there is no significant relationship between TOC and nitrogen removal. The ratio of colour/TOC will indicates the composition of the carbon and the site-specific trends, and, in some wetlands like Vennestad and Viderup that shows positive significant correlation and some of the wetlands like Toarp shows negative significant correlation. Therefore, an increasing concentration of carbon does not reliably increase nitrogen removal but in the case of carbon quality some factors like hydrology, vegetation and land use plays an important role. Our study shows mismatched concentrations of DOC and quality of carbon are the problems for nitrogen removal in wetlands. To improve these solutions there are some strategies: site specific carbon addition, increasing the water residence time to control the flow structures, increasing wetland vegetation and reformulate the biofilms, it’s a microbial strategy, that will support the denitrification
Developing microfoundations for AI Readiness in Industrial Firms : Insights from Production Planning Practices
No full textIndustrial firms increasingly recognize the strategic importance of Artificial Intelligence (AI), but many struggle with the practical and organizational challenges of preparing to adopt it. This study explores how industrial firms develop microfoundations for AI readiness, the specific routines, practices, and structures that enable capability development. The study uses production planning as an empirical setting. While production planning offers a focused context, the findings can be applicable to broader organizational functions where AI adoption is emerging. This thesis uses a qualitative, theory-driven multiple-case study approach, guided by the frameworks of Dynamic Capabilities (DC) and Organizational Learning (OL). Data was collected through semi-structured interviews at two Swedish industrial firms and analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and practices. The findings show that firms do not progress toward AI readiness through formalized processes as the literature claims, but instead through dynamic and informal development of microfoundations. Key microfoundations enabling AI readiness include structured experimentation, readiness evaluations, trust-building communication, experiential learning, and role-specific training. OL was found to act as a foundational learning structure that indirectly supports DC development. The study contributes by clarifying the recursive relationship between organizational learning and dynamic capabilities, and by showing how AI readiness is developed in practice as a dynamic condition. The study also highlights how emotional, cultural, and informal elements shape early AI efforts, areas often overlooked in the current literature.
Analysis of Environmental and Economic Benefits of Co-Digestion Based on Life Cycle Assessment : a Comparison Between Co-digestion, Anaerobic Digestion and Waste Water Treatment Plant
No full textThis study examines the economic viability and environmental benefits of co-digestion technology in biogas production, using Sweden’s NSR Biogas plant as a case study. Through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA), the performance of co-digestion in reducing carbon emissions, controlling acidification, and mitigating particulate matter emissions was evaluated, alongside an analysis of its economic profitability. The results show that the NSR achieves a Net Present Value (NPV) of 23,800 kSEK, and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 13.2%, indicating strong economic feasibility. In terms of environmental benefits, the co-digestion technology demonstrates a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 23.26 kg CO₂ eq, a Particulate Matter Formation Potential (PMFP) of 0.015 kg PM2.5 eq, and a Water Consumption Potential (WCP) of 0.35 m³, highlighting its significant potential for water saving. However, the Acidification Potential (AP) of 0.16 kg SO₂ eq suggests the need for further optimization in acid pollution management. Sensitivity analysis reveals that fluctuations in electricity prices and government subsidies significantly impact the project’s economic performance. Overall, co-digestion technology performs exceptionally well in both economic and environmental aspects, serving as an effective pathway for sustainable, low-carbon emission development. Its long-term success will require continued policy support and further technological advancements
Offline Reinforcement Learning For Evaluating Football Players
No full textThis thesis investigates the use of offline reinforcement learning (RL) to evaluate football player actions using spatio-temporal event data from Wyscout. Centered on the Implicit Q-Learning (IQL) algorithm, the work presents a complete offline RL pipeline, including state-action-reward extraction, model training, and evaluation based on indirect signals such as league standings and player transfers. The thesis also explores how role-specific context can be incorporated by encoding player positions into the state and applying light reward shaping tailored to tactical responsibilities. Defensive behavior is addressed by isolating out-of-possession events and adding possession indicators to the state, enabling the model to associate defensive actions with longer-term outcomes. Although challenges remain due to limited contextual data and the counterfactual nature of defense, results show partial alignment with real-world performance. To handle football’s hybrid action space, combining discrete decisions with continuous spatial parameters, the thesis introduces Hybrid Implicit Q-Learning (H-IQL), which uses a hierarchical, factorized policy and a shared loss function. H-IQL demonstrates effective learning in both a football environment and a modified benchmark task, suggesting its broader potential for offline RL in structured, hybrid action domains
Scenario Annotation in AutonomousDriving : An Outlier Detection Framework
No full textValidating autonomous vehicle (AV) systems is a critical yet complextask due to the wide range of unpredictable and diverse situationsthat can occur in real-world driving. AVs must be capable of handlingnot only routine conditions, but also rare and dynamic interactionsthat involve other road users, environmental factors, and road infrastructure. To manage this complexity, researchers rely on scenarios,which are structured representations of driving situations that reflectthese diverse conditions. Scenarios play a central role in assessingAV performance by capturing key elements such as vehicle behavior, interactions with surrounding traffic, and the characteristics ofthe driving environment. Through systematic identification and analysis of scenarios, researchers can evaluate how AV systems respondto different challenges and improve their overall safety and reliability [19]. However, certain corner-case scenarios can be challenging todetect, as they are often rare and hidden within large-scale datasets.These scenarios are of particular interest because they represent situations where AV systems may fail or behave unpredictably, makingthe identification of these corner cases crucial for targeted testing andvalidation.This thesis proposes the following methods for detecting criticalscenarios in data collected from AV test vehicles: Interquartile Range,Isolation Forest with Dynamic Time Warping, and Sudden ChangeDetection algorithm. These methods were applied to a dataset thatcontains the dynamics of the ego vehicle, with the aim of detectingscenarios that represent corner cases. Their performance was studiedin two different road environments, i.e., urban and highway, providing insights into their respective strengths and weaknesses.In this thesis, we also extended these methods by integrating theminto a voting ensemble system, through which we achieved improvedaccuracy, coverage, and scalability in identifying critical scenarioscompared to the individual methods. The final ensemble methodachieved an accuracy of 90 % and 92 % in urban and highway environments, respectively, while remaining inexpensive and simple to implement. These unsupervised methods are minimally based on domainspecific knowledge and offer a more scalable and computationallyefficient alternative to manual scenario detection techniques