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Physics for Surgeons-Part 5: Optics for Surgeons
Full text linkOptical techniques create a great impact in the biomedical field. Recent advances in the optical techniques (advances in photonics, biomaterials, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology) which are currently used in clinical practice to diagnose and treat the disease. In the present review, we highlight the fundamentals of light and its interaction with matter, applications of optics in the recent techniques so that surgeons can better understand the pattern of disease and find the best way to treat the disease
Disapproving the Null Hypothesis in Molecular Genetics
Full text linkThe null hypothesis is a statement that asserts that there is no relationship between two variables or no difference between two groups. In molecular genetics, the null hypothesis is often used to test the validity of research hypotheses that pertain to the relationship between specific genetic variations and various traits or diseases. In this article, I will discuss the process of disapproving the null hypothesis in the context of molecular genetics research and the importance of accurately doing so in order to draw valid conclusions from studies
Green Energy Solutions: Vapor Absorption Chiller for Harnessing Engine Jacket Water Waste Heat
Full text linkVapor absorption chiller is a machine that works on a closed-loop system following vapour absorption cycle which can serve as an agent of utilizing the waste heat and is considered a highly economic industrial solution. In this paper, we have analyzed the thermodynamics of the system. We have performed a comprehensive analysis of a vapor absorption chiller using the industry-provided input parameters by utilizing the heat dissipated from the engine jacket water system. A single effect vapor absorption chiller is opted for this study as jacket water temperature falls within it’s operating temperature range. A process flow diagram depicting the vapor absorption cycle for this scenario is made and all the design parameters are calculated accordingly with a software Engineering equation solver (EES). Computer aided graphs are produced in EES that portrays the trend of various important variables relevant to vapor absorption cycle. The co-efficient of performance (COP) of this system came out to be 0.629
Intelligence Differences Between Genders based on Multiple Intelligence (MI) Theory
Full text linkHuman intelligence differs from person to person. Factors that are associated with intelligence were always an essential theme to discuss and so do the intelligence difference based on gender discrimination. Studying and discussion of the topic were important as it can show a clear view of which gender is worthy for which type of work. So that males and females do not face any physical or mental trouble while finishing their random or given tasks, either at the workplace or at home. In 1983, American psychologist Howard Gardner wrote a treatise titled "Frames of mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligence" and there he proposed the core eight abilities of an individual from where the term multiple intelligence was born. The eight core abilities are divided into subcategories based on task differences including visual efficiency, organ coordinations, analytical thinking etc. Since then, researchers began to study depending on the theory to find out the intelligence supremacy between male and female. In this study some recent research on multiple intelligence and their results are analyzed briefly to determine whether males or females have better intelligence than the opposite gender. Methodology of the study is divided into two steps. Each step gives an overview of an already done research on multiple intelligence theory where a number of individuals were participated upon whom several tests were given and finally both step research results are merged to reach the study conclusion
Using Immersive Media 'Metaverse' as a Teaching Tool, Especially in Business Schools in the Accounting and Finance Classes
Full text linkThis paper investigates the potential advantages of incorporating immersive media (IM) technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and Mixed Reality (MR) artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into accounting and finance education. The market for IM is expected to reach $300 billion by 2024, and organizations are using IM to create new goods, services, and experiences and streamline processes. Despite evidence that IM technologies increase learning outcomes by delivering a more participatory and engaging experience, students from minority-serving institutions frequently have limited access to IM technology and IM-focused education. This might exacerbate the digital gap and disfavor disadvantaged groups even further. The Metaverse, a communal virtual shared place generated by the convergence of digital and physical realities, marks a new stage in the growth of the internet and has the potential to revolutionize commerce. This research paper aims to contribute to the expanding body of knowledge in this area and make suggestions for future practice and study. The problem statement stresses the lack of inclusivity and equal access to IM-focused education for marginalized students, notably in accounting and finance. This study aims to evaluate the potential benefits of utilizing IM as a teaching tool in business schools, particularly accounting and finance departments, and to identify gaps in the existing literature. The study used a qualitative research approach, namely a literature review, to collect and analyze existing data on how business schools use IM as a teaching tool. The research design and techniques explore minority-serving school students' challenges in accessing IM technology and education and how IM can enhance classroom engagement and performance. The study aims to promote diversity and inclusiveness in the business sector and to contribute to existing efforts to prepare college graduates for the evolving corporate world
Raw Food Additives and Preservation among Traders in Enugu Metropolis
Full text linkBackground: Food additives and preservation methods are practices employed during the production or processing of food, to improve its appearance, taste, and other qualities of concern. While some of these provide nutritional benefits or improve food safety, others are known to pose potential health risks and cause harm to the human body.
Objective: The overall objective of this study is to profile and analyze the practice and perception of health effects of raw food additives and preservation methods, among traders in Enugu metropolis.
Methodology: New market and Old Artisan were the two markets selected in Enugu North Local Government Area, from which 402 raw food traders were selected using a multi staged sampling method. A semi structured questionnaire was administered over two weeks in this descriptive cross-sectional study to traders who deal in palm oil, beans, maize, rice, pawpaw, orange and banana (at least 57 traders per food item).
Result: A total of 402 traders (minimum of 57 for each food item) were studied. commonest practice for preventing palm oil spoilage was by Enugu metropolis traders was by addition of salt [21 traders (36.8%)], and for reddening their oil, addition of red food color (tartrazine)[24 traders (42.1%)], while For improving the quantity of their palm oil, water was added [15 traders (26.3%)]. To improve taste, the commonest additive was salt [23 traders (40.4%)]. The commonest preservation method used for grains against weevil by Enugu metropolis traders is use of pesticides; beans [8 - 23 traders (14.0% - 40.4%)]. The commonest additive added in grains to prevent spoilage by Enugu traders is Aluminum Phosphide; [9 - 27 traders (15.8% - 47.4%)]. The commonest additive used by Enugu metropolis traders to ripen their fruits was Calcium carbide (3.4% - 19.0%). The commonest methods employed in ripening fruits among Enugu traders was wrapping in an airtight polythene bag [4 - 29 traders, (6.9% - 50.0%)]. Red paint was the commonest additive perceived to be harmful by palm oil traders (11, 19.3%). This is followed closely by red food color tartrazine (8, 14.0%). DDVP was the commonest additive perceived to be harmful by most grain sellers [8 - 16 out of 57 respondents (14.0% - 28.1%)] . Calcium carbide was the commonest fruit additive perceived to be harmful by most fruit sellers [1 - 7 out of 57 respondents (1.7% - 12.1%)].
Conclusion: Overall, the use of unsafe additives and preservation methods were noted among the respondents. Many of whom did not perceive any harmfulness associated with the use of these additives. The findings agree with several similar studies in the past, and recommendations to the traders, consumers, governmental and non-governmental agencies have therefore been made
Unani-The Science of Holistic Healing
Full text linkUnani medicine is a conventional medical system practised in South Asia. Hippocrates and Galen, two ancient Greek physicians, are credited with developing the principles of unani medicine. According to unani medicine, six physical or external elements known as asbab-e-sittah-zarooriah are crucial for developing a synchronised biological rhythm and, consequently, leading a healthy life. Al-umoor al-tabiyah, the seven fundamental physiological principles of Unani philosophy, are said to be harmoniously arranged and are thought to promote human health. Arkan, or elements, Mizaj, or temperament, akhlat, or body humours, Aaza, or organs and systems, Arwah, or vital spirit, Quwa, or abilities or powers, and Afaal, or functions are some of these principles. These seven organic elements interact with one another to keep the human body's basic constitution in balance. This paper discusses the important principles and holistic nature of Unani medicine
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 3-D: A Case Report
Full text linkBackground: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against cell nuclei and involves many organ systems in the body. The etiopathology of SLE is thought to involve complex and multifactorial interactions between genetic variation and environmental factors. Hyperthyroidism is a disease due to increased thyroid hormone function followed by signs and symptoms that affect the body's metabolic system. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of antibodies to TSHR (TRAb). Several coexisting autoimmune diseases have been classified under different syndromes.
Case Presentation: A woman, 29 years-old, came to office with complaint of chest palpitation. Patient had history of fever, joint pain, hair loss, and malar rash. Patient had been diagnosed with hyperthyroidism for 4 years and regularly taking propylthiouracil 100 mg and propranolol 10 mg. Titer ANA Test 1/100, Anti ds-DNA 68.08, C3-Complement 93 (N: 83-193), C4-Complement 11.2 (N: 15-57), Free T3 7.79 (N: 1.71-3.71), Free -T4 2.50 (N: 0.70-1.48), TSHs 0.0001 (N: 0.350-4.94), TRAb 3.38 (N: < 1.75). Patient was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and graves’ disease. Patient treated with methimazole 10 mg, propranolol 10 mg, myfortic 360 mg, and methylprednisolone 4 mg.
Conclusion: Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes (APS) was at first characterized as different endocrine organ diseases related to an immune system disease in a subject. Hence, affiliation between illnesses in APS was noted not to be irregular but in specific combinations in which a few non-endocrine immune system diseases were moreover portion of the disorders
Assessment of Metastatic Status of Axillary Lymph Nodes using Intravenous Fluorescein in Carcinoma Breast: A Novel Approach in Surgical Management
Full text linkBackground: Assessment of lymph node metastasis is of prime significance for staging and treatment planning for breast cancer. All enlarged lymph nodes do not contain metastasis. Sentinel lymph nodes biopsy is recommended for patients with clinically negative axilla. But there are no standard guidelines for managing patients with enlarge axillary lymph node. In the present paper we have evaluated the role of intravenous Fluorescein to identify the axillary nodal metastasis during axillary dissection.
Aim: Identification of metastatic fluorescent node during axillary dissection.
Methodology: The present cross-sectional study at All India Institute of medical sciences on 32 operable carcinoma breast cases were enrolled in the study. Fluorescent and non-fluorescent nodes were sent separately for histopathological evaluation.
Result: Present study include a total of 32 cases. From these 32 cases a total of 267 lymph nodes were separated out in which 185 nodes were fluorescent and 82 nodes were non fluorescent. Out of 267 fluorescent node 103 were histologically positive and remaining nodes were free of tumor. In non-fluorescent nodes only 6 nodes show the presence of tumor.
Conclusion: Intravenous 20% fluorescein sodium has a high sensitivity of 94.5% & specificity of 48% with positive predictive value of 55.7%, which is comparable to conventional sentinel lymph node procedure in detecting early metastasis. Besides time saving and non-toxic, this technique predicts the metastatic status of axillary lymph node during surgery, aiding appropriate surgical intervention
How well are we giving driving advice to glaucoma patients?
Full text linkBackground
Glaucoma is one of the most common ophthalmic conditions encountered in primary and secondary care. Glaucoma has the potential to impair driving. This audit aims to investigate how well we are giving driving advice to Glaucoma patients in the setting of the United Kingdom (UK).
Methods
Two junior doctors interviewed all glaucoma patients who attended glaucoma clinic in 4-week period on whether they had received advice regarding driving. Patients who never drove and did not respond were excluded from the analysis
Results
Of the 110 patients, we found that only 29% of patients recalled receiving any driving advice from their ophthalmologist of optometrist. A significant number of patients (33%) wanted more information.
Conclusion
Driving advice is poorly delivered to patients with Glaucoma. Simple interventions can potentially increase delivery of advice to patients