Defence Life Science Journal
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Investigation of Antioxidant Potential of Black Beans Due to Phytochemical and Globulin Content for Nutraceutical Application
Get PDFThe study aims to elucidate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of black beans and identify the key contributors within the beans. Black beans boast high protein and phytochemical content, suggesting potential antioxidant activity. This work delves into this possibility, focusing on the role of globulins (a protein fraction) and various phytochemicals in black bean’s bioactivity. Globulins were isolated from black beans by salt precipitation. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared, followed by phytochemical screening for phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc. Quantification of phenolics and flavonoids was performed by colorimetric assays. SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry identified the isolated globulin. Ferric reducing potential and total antioxidant capacity tests assessed antioxidant capacity, while erythrocyte membrane stabilisation inhibition evaluated anti-inflammatory potential. Black beans exhibited a diverse range of phytochemicals. The ethanolic extract displayed the highest flavonoid content (11.18±0.11mg QE/gram extract), while the aqueous extract was richest in phenolics (0.71±0.14 mg GAE/gram extract). The aqueous extract displayed the strongest antioxidant activity (2.87 ± 0.98 mg AAE/gram extract), followed by the globulin fraction (1.23± 0.43 mg AAE/gram extract). The ethanolic extract demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory activity. Mass spectrometry identified globulin as a 68.7 kDa legumin protein from Phaseolus vulgaris. Black beans display significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity due to globulins and diverse phytochemicals. By informing dietary practices and facilitating the development of nutraceutical interventions, this work has the potential to contribute to a healthier population
Liver Function Markers Response to Different Exercise Intensities in Athletes A Single Bout Perspective
Get PDFExercise provides considerable health advantages through promoting proper body system functioning, healthy growth and development, and quality of life. The present study investigated the effect of single bout High- Intensity Exercise (HIE) compared to Low-Intensity Exercise (LIE) on liver function markers in athletes. This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physical Education, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (UP). A total of 20 healthy male athletes with age range from 22 to 26 years were randomly selected and underwent 5 minutes of HIE and LIE separated by one week. Blood samples for selected liver function markers were taken pre-exercise, immediately, 10 and 20 minutes post-HIE and LIE, respectively. A repeated measures ANOVA with greenhouse-geisser correction found a significant difference between high and low intensity exercises for SGOT (F=5.881; p<0.05) and SBT (F=7.154; p<0.05) values, while statistically insignificant in the case of SGPT (F=1.572; p>0.05). In high intensity exercise there was statistically significant difference for SGOT (F=7.564; p<0.05) value between different time points. Post hoc analysis with a bonferroni correction showed that SGOT value was significantly increased immediately after the HIE, reducing 10 minutes after the exercise and closely returned to baseline level after 20 minutes of exercise, whereas LIE showed no significant changes. Exercise intensity is important as it triggers liver pathology by asymptomatic modifying liver function markers. These findings can be used to develop and administer exercise training plans for athletes
Novel Strategies to Mitigate Mycotoxin Contamination in Raw Medicinal Plant Materials
Get PDFPresent article elucidates the published literature regarding microbial contamination of raw medicinal plant materials and decontamination/detoxification strategies of mycotoxins due to their harmful impacts on human health. Mycotoxins extant a great concern to raw medicinal plants due to their inimical health and socio-economic collision. To overcome the fiscal losses and health issues associated with mycotoxin contagion of raw medicinal plants, several novel innovative techniques have been used to remove the mycotoxin without affecting the people health, product quality and their nutritional potential. Thus, mitigation of mycotoxins can be attained by several physical, chemical and biological approaches, using Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Pediococcus and other lactic acid bacteria, Actinomycetes, yeasts, molds and other relevant methods including the use of enzymes and phytochemicals. A wide range of phytochemicals accompanied with plant essential oils have been found effective against several mycotoxigenic fungi in contaminated raw medicinal plants. These green preservatives are safe, bio-degradable and eco-friendly in nature. Now a days, detoxification by nanoparticles is one of the promising approaches has been adopted due to its high disinfection effects, and these perspectives are influential against mycotoxin contamination via an irreversible process. The aim of this review is to systematically understand the problem of mycological assessment, mycotoxin contamination and their mitigation in raw medicinal plants by using effective botanicals
A Human Saliva Quality and Holistic Practices A Review on the Effects of Meditation, Dance and Exercise
No full textThis review article provides an overview of the effects of meditation, dance, and exercise on human saliva quality. Physical and mental fitness is essential for overall well-being, and engaging in these activities has been shown to promote physical and mental health. However, with the decline in physical activity due to technological advancements, stress has become a prevalent issue in modern society. Meditation, dance, and exercise have emerged as effective strategies for stress management. Stress levels can be measured through biomarkers, including those found in blood and saliva. Saliva may serve as a potential indicator of stress levels. Saliva contains various components that can serve as biomarkers for detecting systemic diseases and assessing overall health. Exploring the changes in saliva composition and understanding the physiological significance in response to meditation, dance, and exercise can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying their positive effects on health. Saliva biomarkers have been associated with stress, inflammation, immune function, and even neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, investigating the impact of these practices on saliva quality can uncover novel connections between mind-body interventions and overall well-being. This review highlights the importance of considering saliva as a valuable biofluid and encourages further research on salivary biomarkers in the context of meditation, dance, and exercise to expand our understanding of their therapeutic potential and optimise health outcomes
Detection and Classification of Tumor Type From Brain MRI Images Using Transfer Learning
Get PDFHistopathological analysis of the extracted biological specimen has been one of the most trusted techniques to detect brain tumors in medical diagnostics. However, this analytical approach is invasive, time–intensive, and requires manual intervention; therefore, the probability of manual or human error is high. These practical limitations lay the foundation for identifying a non-invasive and automatic approach to brain tumor detection. Various effective modalities like MRI and CT scans have been discovered. These advancements have aided in gathering preliminary information in case of any suspicions of tumor manifestation. However, a diagnostic conclusion is reached by the subjective evaluation of the medical experts based on the medical images. This again raises the probability of misdiagnosis and, thus, requires an automated diagnostic system that may pitch in a ‘second opinion’ to reduce human error significantly. Deep learning algorithms tend to provide a solution by aiding in the designing of such computer-aided diagnostic systems. Taking this cue, brain tumor detection and classification through EfficientNet-B2 architecture, along with transfer learning, has been presented in the proposed work. Performance analysis of the model has been done by applying transfer learning through ImageNet and Noisy-student and different optimizers on two publicly available datasets. Preliminary results show that an accuracy of 97% is achieved when EfficientNet-B2 is used for tumor classification, which is higher than other models, such as EfficientNetV2B1 (89.17%) and EfficientNetB0 (91%). Also, it is suggestive that noisy student can prove to be an alternative for ImageNet in transfer learning mainly when binary data is being processed
Altered Mitochondrial DNA Methylation Patterns in Thrombosis
Get PDFDNA methylation being one of the chief controllers of gene expression has not only been the reason behind the initiation of a plethora of diseases like Cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc. Still, it is an active contributor to the pathophysiology of several cardiovascular diseases like coronary artery disease (CAD), Atherosclerosis, Stroke, Cardiomyopathy, etc. The role of nuclear DNA methylation in VTE has been studied earlier, but the comparison of methylation in both nuclear genes and mitochondrial genes in high altitude VTE (HA-VTE) and sea level VTE (SL-VTE) patients has not been studied in depth. Through this present study, DNA methylation patterns of mitochondrial encoded as well as nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes of five high-altitude VTE patients and five sea-level VTE patients have been obtained. On comparing HA-VTE vs. SL-VTE methylation, one hundred and twenty hypermethylated genes and one hundred and thirty-eight hypomethylated genes were observed. Post gene enrichment and ontology study, the TCA cycle and NADH dehydrogenase were found to be the highly enriched pathways in both the study groups. Protein-protein interaction network using STRING pointed out the enriched pathway of L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid when both the gene sets were enriched. These results show the crucial role of mitochondrial DNA methylation in the pathophysiology of thrombosis and show great potential to study the role of mitochondria in thrombosis
Computational Investigation of Regulatory Region SNPs of Autophagy Gene BECN1
Get PDFThe autophagy process plays a cytoprotective role and ensures the healthy survival of a cell. The role of autophagy has been implicated in various diseases, making it an essential candidate for therapeutic interventions. Beclin 1, a candidate autophagy protein, plays a critical role during autophagy initiation and maturation by interacting with various other autophagy proteins. Beclin1 has been reported to be involved in various human diseases. This study uses a computational approach to study the effect of non-coding region single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of gene encoding beclin1. RegulomeDB, SNP2TFBS, and PROMO ALLGEN were used to predict the effect of promoter region variants on transcription factor binding sites. SNPs located within 3\u27UTR were analyzed by miRdSNP, PolymiRTS Database 3.0, miRNASNP-V3, MicroSNIPER, and miRmap. Nine promoter region variants that alter the transcription factor binding sites and 4 variants in 3\u27UTR were identified that either create a new target site for miRNA or disrupt an existing one. The functional analysis of these identified SNPs could be done experimentally to unravel their relation with a particular disease and the genetic predisposition of human subjects for a disease
Comparative Analysis of Low Lander Transcriptomes at Himalayas and Andes Reveals Differential Regulation of Erythropoiesis at Extreme Altitude
Get PDFSystematic human expeditions to very high (≥ 3500 meters) and extreme altitudes (≥ 5500 meters) have documented marked changes in human physiology. However, only a handful of studies have reported lowlander transcriptome alterations at extreme altitudes. In this study, we compared the lowlander transcriptomes available in the literature for Chinese mountaineers (n=4, 3 males and 1 female)inthe Himalayas (Mount Xixabangma base camp, 5600 meters) and French mountaineers (n=8, all males) at Andes (La Rinconada, Peru, 5100 meters). We sought to find out significantly alteredpathways, gene networks, andtranscription factors (TFs) for each data set. We observed profound upregulation of GATA1 in the Himalaya transcriptome data set (+ 1.38-fold) in comparison tothe Andes data set (-1.36-fold). Core transcriptome analysis revealed that GATA1 upregulated erythropoiesis genes like KLF1, HBD, HBG, EPB42, ALAS2, and AHSP in the Himalayan dataset in contrast to the Andean data set.We also observed contrasting expression profiles ofKLF1 in the Himalayas (+1.22-fold) and Andes (-1.15-fold)for lowlander populations and differential expression regulation of its downstream target genes like AHSP, ALAS2, SLC4A1, EPB42,HBG2, andHBB.We also observed upregulation of SP1 (+ 2.46-fold) in the Himalayan transcriptome as compared to the Andean transcriptome which also regulates erythropoiesis genes along with GATA1. Our results indicate profound upregulation of erythropoiesis-promotingTFs and genes in Chinese mountaineers at extreme altitudes in contrast to French mountaineers at similar altitudes. Though our present analysis does not provide possible reasons for the observed differences inhypoxia-responsive erythropoiesis gene signatures, it certainly highlights ethnicity-dependenttranscriptome level variations in lowlanders at extreme altitudes