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A fertilização, poda e incêndios sobre o crescimento de Feijoa sellowiana (O. Berg) O. berg.
No full textFeijoa sellowiana (O.Berg) O. Berg is an ornamental and food plant, as well as an important species for ecological restoration and landscaping that still requires much research before consolidating it in the tropical market. To understand if the implementation of techniques focusing on improving fruit production at its wild condition would affect the species’ development, we planted 216 saplings of various mother trees in an incomplete factorial block design applied in nine treatments. We tested formative aerial pruning (drastic intensity), fertilization (chemical and organic), and the effect of controlled fires prior to planting. We evaluated biomass alterations by systematically measuring the third sapling of each treatment, quantifying fresh and dry matter in two periods. We also measured changes in height (H), root collar diameter (RCD), and the H/RCD ratio. We carried out nine measurements during 27 months and used linear mixed-effects models to consolidate the long-term evaluation. Our results indicate a positive effect from the organic fertilization on the plants’ height, a momentary increase in RCD caused by programmed fires, and an increase in the H/RCD ratio due to formative aerial pruning (increasing resistance). Fertilization did not accelerate the increase in RCD and had no effect on the H/RCD ratio
Agronomic performance and selection of sweet-potato genotypes grown from seeds
Get PDFThe low availability of varieties adapted to different crop regions, mainly regarding edaphoclimatic conditions, is one of the causes of low sweet-potato crop yields. The objective of this work was to evaluate agronomic characteristics of sweet-potato plants, from the crossing between the genotypes Londrina and Uruguaiana, grown in the region of Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil, to select materials with high commercial yield and desirable tuberous root shape and color. The natural crossing between the genotypes Londrina and Uruguaiana grown in alternating rows resulted in 2,430 potentially viable seeds. These seeds were used for growing seedlings whose vines were grown in the field for selecting genotypes with desirable characteristics. The results showed a high diversity in skin and flesh colors; number of tuberous roots per plant, shape, fresh and dry weights, and total and commercial yields of tuberous roots. The selected genotypes were then evaluated in three experiments. Several genotypes presented higher commercial yield than their parents. Three genotypes were approved as cultivars by presenting superior agronomic characteristics than their parents.The low availability of varieties adapted to different crop regions, mainly regarding edaphoclimatic conditions, is one of the causes of low sweet-potato crop yields. The objective of this work was to evaluate agronomic characteristics of sweet-potato plants, from the crossing between the genotypes Londrina and Uruguaiana, grown in the region of Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil, to select materials with high commercial yield and desirable tuberous root shape and color. The natural crossing between the genotypes Londrina and Uruguaiana grown in alternating rows resulted in 2,430 potentially viable seeds. These seeds were used for growing seedlings whose vines were grown in the field for selecting genotypes with desirable characteristics. The results showed a high diversity in skin and flesh colors; number of tuberous roots per plant, shape, fresh and dry weights, and total and commercial yields of tuberous roots. The selected genotypes were then evaluated in three experiments. Several genotypes presented higher commercial yield than their parents. Three genotypes were approved as cultivars by presenting superior agronomic characteristics than their parents
Response of cucumber to target spot as a function of plant age
Get PDFThe target spot of cucurbits, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, occurs in several cultivated species, being considered an important disease on cucumbers. The objetive was to determine the cucumber response to the target leaf spot as a function of plant age, seeking a better understanding of the pathosystem in orderto avoid economic damages to producers. Cucumber ‘Soldier’ plants were inoculated at 20, 30 and 40 days after sowing. Disease severity was evaluated at three, six and nine days after inoculation of the pathogen; thenumber of leaves and plant height at intervals of 7 to 10 days after inoculation of the pathogen; the number and fresh mass of fruits and the fresh and dry mass of the aerial parts of the plants at 60 days after sowing. A lower disease severity was observed on younger leaves, on plants inoculated at 20 days of age from the sixthday of evaluation, with plants inoculated at 30 days being the most susceptible, reaching 64% disease severity after nine days of inoculation. The variables plant height, number of leaves and fruits, fruit production and fresh and dry mass of the aerial part of the plant were significantly affected by the age of the plant at the timeof inoculation of the pathogen C. cassiicola, with the lowest values, in general, in the youngest inoculated plants, at 20 days, while the 40-day-old plants had the least affected vegetative development and production, evidencing the importance of delaying the entry of the disease in the area
Jambu production (Acmella oleracea [(L.) R. K. Jansen]) using different organic fertilizers at planting and as top dressing
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different forms of application (before planting and as top dressing) of organic fertilizers, namely castor bean cake and hoof and horn powder, on the production of jambu plants. The experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm of São Manuel, SP, and at the \u27Estância Três Nascentes\u27 site in Botucatu, SP. Seven treatments were evaluated in a 2 x 3 + 1 factorial design, with two organic fertilizers, castor bean cake (CBC) and hoof and horn powder (HHP), and three forms of application (100% before planting, 100% as top dressing, and 50% before planting + 50% as top dressing), plus a control treatment. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Plant height, number of inflorescences (NI), fresh weight of inflorescences (FWI), fresh weight of vegetative parts (FWVP), and total fresh weight (TFW) were evaluated at each location. In São Manuel, there was a difference between fertilizers in the forms of application, 100% before planting and 50% before planting + 50% as top dressing, for FWVP and for TFW only in the first form. In Botucatu, HHP resulted in higher NI when applied 100% before planting and FWVP and TFW between fertilizers when applied 100% as top dressing. The increases compared to the control, with HHP and CBC, were 81%, 83%, 168%, 83%, and 95% in São Manuel and 19%, 42%, 316%, 56%, and 67%, in Botucatu, for plant height, NI, FWI, FWVP, and TFW, respectively, confirming the importance of supplementing base fertilization with organic compounds.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different forms of application (before planting and as top dressing) of organic fertilizers, namely castor bean cake and hoof and horn powder, on the production of jambu plants. The experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm of São Manuel, SP, and at the \u27Estância Três Nascentes\u27 site in Botucatu, SP. Seven treatments were evaluated in a 2 x 3 + 1 factorial design, with two organic fertilizers, castor bean cake (CBC) and hoof and horn powder (HHP), and three forms of application (100% before planting, 100% as top dressing, and 50% before planting + 50% as top dressing), plus a control treatment. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Plant height, number of inflorescences (NI), fresh weight of inflorescences (FWI), fresh weight of vegetative parts (FWVP), and total fresh weight (TFW) were evaluated at each location. In São Manuel, there was a difference between fertilizers in the forms of application, 100% before planting and 50% before planting + 50% as top dressing, for FWVP and for TFW only in the first form. In Botucatu, HHP resulted in higher NI when applied 100% before planting and FWVP and TFW between fertilizers when applied 100% as top dressing. The increases compared to the control, with HHP and CBC, were 81%, 83%, 168%, 83%, and 95% in São Manuel and 19%, 42%, 316%, 56%, and 67%, in Botucatu, for plant height, NI, FWI, FWVP, and TFW, respectively, confirming the importance of supplementing base fertilization with organic compounds
Agronomic efficiency of organomineral fertilizer in onion cultivation
Get PDFOnions has high nutritional and nutraceutical value. In the last decade the bulbs have gained increasingrelevance due their compounds linked to anti-cancer effects. The fertilization managment is relevant to thiscrop because the mineral’s influence beyond productivity, interfering in several aspects of quality. Organicsources despite available, adoption is still cautious and seen as an expense, rather than investment in soilquality. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the use of organomineral fertilizer on the development andproductivity of Akamaru hybrid. The experiment was carried out in Cristalina-GO, in a randomized block design,with 4 replications and 5 treatments: organomineral fertilizer (NPK) with the formula 02-20-05. The rates wereadjusted to approximately the same amounts, where 3,680 kg ha-1 was considered the 100% rate, 2,944 kg ha-1as 80%, 2,208 kg ha-1 as 60% and 1,472 kg ha-1 as 40% of the rate established. The rate of 2,300 kg ha-1 of theformulated 03-35-06 referred to 100% of the mineral source. The total yield of onion was not affected when theorganomineral source was used, therefore, it is a viable source for use in onion culture. A rate reduction of upto 20% of the recommended mineral rate allows good performance (85.5 t ha-1), with 7.5 t ha-1 higher than the60% reduction of the recommended rate.Onions has high nutritional and nutraceutical value. In the last decade the bulbs have gained increasingrelevance due their compounds linked to anti-cancer effects. The fertilization managment is relevant to thiscrop because the mineral’s influence beyond productivity, interfering in several aspects of quality. Organicsources despite available, adoption is still cautious and seen as an expense, rather than investment in soilquality. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the use of organomineral fertilizer on the development andproductivity of Akamaru hybrid. The experiment was carried out in Cristalina-GO, in a randomized block design,with 4 replications and 5 treatments: organomineral fertilizer (NPK) with the formula 02-20-05. The rates wereadjusted to approximately the same amounts, where 3,680 kg ha-1 was considered the 100% rate, 2,944 kg ha-1as 80%, 2,208 kg ha-1 as 60% and 1,472 kg ha-1 as 40% of the rate established. The rate of 2,300 kg ha-1 of theformulated 03-35-06 referred to 100% of the mineral source. The total yield of onion was not affected when theorganomineral source was used, therefore, it is a viable source for use in onion culture. A rate reduction of upto 20% of the recommended mineral rate allows good performance (85.5 t ha-1), with 7.5 t ha-1 higher than the60% reduction of the recommended rate
Use of NIR spectroscopy to monitor substrate biodegradation lignocellulosics by Pleurotus
Get PDFUnderstand the process of biodegradation of lignocellulosic material as its chemical composition is key properties for enhancing the cultivation of edible mushrooms, which seek in lignin and other carbon source carbohydrates. The purpose of this study was to monitor polysaccharide and lignin degradation caused by Pleurotus ostreatoroseus on different agroindustrial substrates using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Sawdust substrates of Marupá and Cajuí wood, banana pseudostem fibers, enriched with bran of cereals were formulated (WB and MWB). Of the 12 formulations elaborated, eight were submitted to biodegradation of P. ostreatoroseus over a period of 49 days (Residual substrate), and four formulations maintained in natura (Initial substrates), where each treatment was formed by 10 replicates totaling n = 120. Spectra were obtained from the substrates before and after cultivation in FT-NIR system in the region between 10,000 and 4,000 cm-1 and the index degradation of lignocellulosic compounds was determined (LDI and PDI). Through Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy was it is possible to observe the degradation of polysaccharides and lignin in the substrates grown with the fungus P. ostreatoroseus. In the residual substrate Marupá+WB-POSP was the highest lignin degradation index (LDI = 9.26%). While whereas for the PDI (Polysaccharide degradation index), the highest degradation (7.12%) was observed in the residual substrate Cajuí+MWB-POAM. Through analysis of the absorption bands, it was possible to observe the degradation of structures/bonds characteristics of lignocellulosic residues. The NIR model for degradation of lignocellulosic compounds was more effective in predicting “lignin degradation” in the spectral range 6,350-7,308 cm-
Compostos de Morinda citrifolia como indutores de respostas bioquímicas em plantas de melão. : Morinda citrifolia compounds such elicitor substances of biochemical responses in melon plants.
No full textPlants have complex structural and biochemical defense mechanisms that can be activated before orafter the attack of phytopathogenic microorganisms. Among these mechanisms are the proteins related tothe pathogenesis (PRP) and the hypersensitive response through the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS), which exist in enzymes capable of reducing its toxicity to the plant. In addition to activation induced bybiotic or abiotic factors, such as compounds or substances that stimulate biochemical activity, called elicitorsubstances, such as essential oils and their constituents. Studies in the area are necessary to deepen knowledgeand reach the technical and economic feasibility of its use for the benefit of sustainable agriculture. The aimwas to evaluate the enzymatic activity of melon plants submitted to the noni essential oil application (EO) andoctanoic acid (OA). In different treatment concentrations, as well as fungicide Cerconil® (0.2%) and Yantra®plant stimulant. The enzymes that had their activity evaluated were superoxide dismutase (SOD), chitinase(QUIT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT). Octanoic acid (0.1%) and essential oil (0.5%) were theprimary activators of the enzyme superoxide dismutase among the treatments tested. The enzyme ascorbateperoxidase had its production increased by the octanoic acid at 0.1%. EO was the primary activator of thecatalase enzyme at 2% concentration. The secondary metabolites activity of the Morinda citrifolia againstmicroorganisms and as an activator of the defense system were confirmed, considered a potential compoundfor developing a bioproduct as a substitute for pesticides.As plantas apresentam mecanismos complexos de defesa estrutural e bioquímica que podem ser ativados antes ou após o ataque de microrganismos fitopatogênicos. Dentre esses mecanismos, estão as proteínas relacionadas à patogênese (PRP) e a resposta hipersensível através da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO), as quais auxiliam na defesa contra os fitopatógenos e redução da toxicidade dos radicais livres. A ativação deste sistema pode ser por fatores bióticos ou abióticos que podem estimular a atividade bioquímica, denominadas substâncias elicitoras, como óleos essenciais e seus constituintes. Estudos na área são necessários para aprofundar conhecimento e atingir a viabilidade técnica e econômica de seu uso em benefício da agricultura sustentável. Objetivou-se avaliar a atividade enzimática de plantas de meloeiro submetidas à aplicação de óleo essencial de noni (OE) e ácido octanóico (AO). Foram testadas diferentes concentrações dos tratamentos e como testemunhas: fungicida Cerconil® (0,2%) e estimulante vegetal Yantra®. As enzimas com atividade avaliada foram superóxido dismutase (SOD), quitinase (QUIT), ascorbato peroxidase (APX) e catalase (CAT). O ácido octanóico (0,1%) e óleo essencial (0,5%) foram os maiores ativadores da SOD dentre os tratamentos testados. A APX teve sua produção aumentada pela aplicação de ácido octanóico à 0,1%. O OE foi o maior ativador da CAT na concentração de 2%. Confirmando a atividade dos metabólitos secundários de Morinda citrifolia como ativadores do sistema de defesa e provável ação imediata contra microrganismos. Considerando assim compostos potenciais para o desenvolvimento de um bioproduto como substituto de defensivos agrícolas.
Palavras-chave: bioprodutos, compostos naturais, Cucumis melo L., espécies reativas de oxigênio, óleo essencial
Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of beetroot parasitized by Meloidogyne javanica and treated with elicitors
Get PDFBeetroot is rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, such as, betalains and phenolics. The objective of this work was to analyze the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of beetroot parasitized by Meloidogyne javanica and treated with elicitors. Beet seedlings were inoculated with 1000 eggs and second-stage juveniles of M. javanica and treated with elicitors based on mannan oligosaccharides, citrus biomass, or acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM). At 60 days after inoculation, plants were evaluated for nematode reproduction factor (RF), proximate composition, betalains, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity. Beetroot was found to be susceptible to M. javanica, with RF values ranging from 15.26 to 27.94. ASM and citrus biomass treatments increased ash content by 15–25% in nematode-inoculated plants. There was no treatment effect on moisture or protein content, but uninoculated plants had higher total phenolic content (~35%) than inoculated plants. Nematode infection was found to compromise betalain production but did not impact antioxidant activity. Nematode-inoculated plants showed reduced sucrose content and increased glucose and fructose levels in all treatments. Regardless of the elicitor used, beetroots inoculated M. javanica exhibit deformities that render them unmarketable in fresh form. However, the results indicate that nematode-infected beetroot may be suitable for industrial processing and compound extraction
Qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de cártamo armazenadas por diferentes períodos
No full textThe safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) crop is of agroeconomic interest due to its wide aptitude for uses, from ornamental to oil extraction, with good adaptability to cultivation throughout the country. However, this crop still presents challenges regarding the quality of its seeds, due to the high susceptibility to attack by phytogenes. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological and sanitary quality of safflower seeds submitted to different storage periods. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, 4x7 (lots of seeds grown in the 2017/2018 harvest: sown in winter and spring 2017 and summer and autumn 2018, and seed storage periods: 0; 6; 12; 18; 24; 30 and 36 sequential months counted from the harvest dates), with four replications. The qualities were evaluated by germination, electrical conductivity, dry mass and seedling length, field emergence and health tests. It was observed that the different lots of safflower seeds are sensitive to prolonged storage, with a reduction in the physiological potential, especially in the percentage of germination and seedling emergence. In addition to the increased incidence of harmful phytopathogens on these seeds. Thus, a period of up to 12 months is recommended to obtain the conservation of safflower seeds.A cultura de cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) apresenta interesse agroeconômico devido a sua ampla aptidão de usos, desde ornamental a extração de óleo, com boa adaptabilidade de cultivo em todo país. Porém, esse cultivo ainda apresenta desafios quanto a qualidade de suas sementes, em virtude da alta susceptibilidade ao ataque de fitogêneos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes de cártamo submetidas a diferentes períodos de armazenamento. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, 4x7 (lotes de sementes cultivadas na safra 2017/2018: semeadas no inverno e na primavera de 2017 e no verão e no outono de 2018, e períodos de armazenamento de sementes: 0; 6; 12; 18; 24; 30 e 36 meses sequenciais contabilizados a partir das datas de colheitas), com quatro repetições. As qualidades foram avaliadas pelos testes de germinação, condutividade elétrica, massa seca e comprimento de plântulas, emergência no campo e sanidade. Observou-se que os diferentes lotes de sementes de cártamo apresentam sensibilidade ao armazenamento prolongado, com redução do potencial fisiológico, especialmente do percentual germinativo e de emergência de plântulas. Além do aumento da incidência dos fitopatógenos nocivos sobre essas sementes. Deste modo, recomenda-se o período de até 12 meses, para obter a conservação das sementes de cártamo.  
Organic Fertilization in ‘Pérola’ Pineapple Increases Fruit Production and Physical and Chemical Characteristics
Get PDFPineapple is the third most cultivated tropical fruit in the world. However, few studies have focused on the cultivationusing organic fertilization, especially in semiarid regions. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate growth, production andphysicochemical traits of pineapple fruits produced under organic fertilization in the semiarid. The experiment wascarried out at the didactic orchard of Federal Rural University of Semiarid, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Fourfertilization treatments were studied (chemical fertilizer, cattle manure, goat manure, poultry litter). At 18 monthsafter planting, plant growth, physicochemical traits of fruits, and productivity were evaluated. Results showed thatorganic fertilization with poultry litter provides best results for physicochemical traits of fruits and productivity of ‘Pérola’pineapple. Organic fertilization with poultry litter is most promising for plant growth, physicochemical traits of fruits, andproductivity in ‘Pérola’ pineapple, therefore, the most suitable for cultivation in the semiarid region. The fruit firmness,central cylinder weight, and ratio SS/TA showed best values under chemical and goat manure fertilization.Pineapple is the third most cultivated tropical fruit in the world. However, few studies have focused on the cultivationusing organic fertilization, especially in semiarid regions. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate growth, production andphysicochemical traits of pineapple fruits produced under organic fertilization in the semiarid. The experiment wascarried out at the didactic orchard of Federal Rural University of Semiarid, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Fourfertilization treatments were studied (chemical fertilizer, cattle manure, goat manure, poultry litter). At 18 monthsafter planting, plant growth, physicochemical traits of fruits, and productivity were evaluated. Results showed thatorganic fertilization with poultry litter provides best results for physicochemical traits of fruits and productivity of ‘Pérola’pineapple. Organic fertilization with poultry litter is most promising for plant growth, physicochemical traits of fruits, andproductivity in ‘Pérola’ pineapple, therefore, the most suitable for cultivation in the semiarid region. The fruit firmness,central cylinder weight, and ratio SS/TA showed best values under chemical and goat manure fertilization