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Tobacco and COPD: presenting the World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Knowledge Summary
No full textThe WHO recently published a Tobacco Knowledge Summary (TKS) synthesizing current evidence on tobacco and COPD, aiming to raise awareness among a broad audience of health care professionals. Furthermore, it can be used as an advocacy tool in the fight for tobacco control and prevention of tobacco-related disease. This article builds on the evidence presented in the TKS, with a greater level of detail intended for a lung-specialist audience. Pulmonologists have a vital role to play in advocating for the health of their patients and the wider population by sharing five key messages: (1) Smoking is the leading cause of COPD in high-income countries, contributing to approximately 70% of cases. Quitting tobacco is an essential step toward better lung health. (2) People with COPD face a significantly higher risk of developing lung cancer. Smoking cessation is a powerful measure to reduce cancer risk. (3) Cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and type-2 diabetes are common comorbidities in people with COPD. Quitting smoking not only improves COPD management, but also reduces the risk of developing these coexisting conditions. (4) Tobacco smoke also significantly impacts children's lung growth and development, increasing the risk of respiratory infections, asthma and up to ten other conditions, and COPD later in life. Governments should implement effective tobacco control measures to protect vulnerable populations. (5) The tobacco industry's aggressive strategies in the marketing of nicotine delivery systems and all tobacco products specifically target children, adolescents, and young adults. Protecting our youth from these harmful tactics is a top priority
Enhancing solar thermal storage properties of azobenzenes with conductive polymer: Electropolymerization of carbazole containing photoactive cyanoazobenzene derivative
No full textSolar thermal fuels (STFs) have recently drawn attention as a promising strategy for utilization of solar energy that is a clean and renewable source. Especially solid state solar thermal fuels have high potential to be used in thermal applications. However, up to date, it is seen that the solar thermal storage capacity in the polymeric state is lower than in the corresponding monomers. Herein, for the first time, photoactive azobenzene and electroactive carbazole containing monomer (Cz-AzoCN) was designed and thermal storage properties of the monomer and the corresponding polymer obtained by electropolymerization were investigated. This study showed that polycarbazoles containing azobenzene pendant groups can be an effective thermal storage platform due to their easy functionality, high light absorption and rigid conjugated chain structure resembling the structure of rigid templates decorated with closely packed photochromic units. Additionally, electropolymerization is an easy and rapid method for polymer synthesis, producing polymer in the form of film that is ready for irradiation. The gravimetric energy storage density of p(Cz-AzoCN) was calculated as 145.12 j g 1 which was 128 % higher than that of monomer. This is due to boosted light harvesting of conjugated polycarbazole backbone as an organic photosensitizer that providing effective solar thermal storage
Lung Cancer and the Relationship Between Lung Cancer - Human Metapneumovirus
No full textIt is aimed to investigate the prevelance of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in bronchial lavage and blood samples of patients with lung cancer and the relationship between hMPV and lung cancer. Seventy patients with lung cancer and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Bronchial lavage from patients with lung cancer and blood samples from patients with lung cancer and healthy controls were investigated for presence of hMPV with PCR. The mean age of 65 (93%) male and 5 (7%) female cases was 61.44 +/- 9.65 (44-81) in lung cancer patients. In control group the mean age of 20 (67%) male and 10 (33%) female cases was 51 (40-55). There were 54 (77%) nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NCCLC) and 16 (23%) small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Nine (54%) patients with SCLC were staged as limited disease. Diagnosis of patients with NSCLC were 22 (41%) squamous cell carcinoma, 14 (26%) adenocarcinoma, 2 (4%) others. In 16 (29%) patients, histological type of the cancer was not identified. The number of patients with NSCLC was 2 (4%) in stage I, 1 (1%) in stage II, 2 (4%) in stage IIIA, 27 (50%) in stage IIIB, and 16 (30%) in stage IV. hMPV was not found in bronchial lavage and blood samples in patients with lung cancer and blood samples in controls with PCR method. Although it is estimated that the study population is at risk for hMPV presence because of old age, immune deficiency and smoking, no relationship between hMPV and lung cancer was observed. This may be a result of the small number of study population, absence of symptoms or methodological problems
A Noise Reduction Approach Using Dynamic Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Vehicle Traffic Camera Images
No full textNoise is a generic term for data loss or corruption due to hardware or software causes on the signal. Since the images are two-dimensional signals, there are noises in this type of signal due different reasons. In addition, fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM) have a structure based on a graph theory that can produce many probing solutions today. Fuzzy cognitive maps can provide their iterations as static (fixed neighborhood values) or dynamic (variable neighborhood values) depending on the solution, which belong to interested problem. In this study, a method is presented using fuzzy cognitive maps for noise reduction in images and mean filter, which is a widely used method for noise reduction. The proposed method provide to minimize the loss of data in the noise reduction process with the average filter. In this work, FCM takes noisy and average filtered noisy image masks and accepts each pixel value in these masks as nodes. Then we update the neighborhood weights between these nodes in each iteration. The developed method has been tested primarily with different images and the performance obtained only by the method in which the average filter is applied is quite high. Then, the proposed method was tested on images of traffic monitoring systems taken from vehicle cameras. The results obtained are very successful
FINITE-ELEMENT MODEL OF THE INDENTATION FOR YBCO-BASED SUPERCONDUCTOR THIN FILMS
No full textSuperconducting films with poor mechanical properties are useless even if they possess good transport and flux-pinning properties. Since additive particles as pinning centers are important changes in a microstructure, their effect on the micromechanical properties such as Young's modulus and hardness have to be investigated with respect to the additional-particle type and quantity, using experimental and numerical methods. In this study, films were dip-coated onto (001) SrTiO3 (STO) single-crystal substrates with metalorganic deposition using the trifluoroacetate (TFA-MOD) technique. The phase analysis and the microstructure of the superconducting thin films were determined with an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical-property variations of the pure YBCO and the YBCO thin films with Mn (reacting as BaMnO3) were experimentally obtained with nanoindentation techniques. Thus, the BaMnO3 nanoparticle effects on the structural and mechanical properties of the films were observed. According to the nanoindentation results, the Young's modulus and indentation hardness of the films decreased from 88.54 GPa to 76.47 GPa and from 12.51 GPa to 3.88 GPa, respectively, depending on the additive particles. In addition, the finite-element modeling (FEM) of the indentation was applied to estimate the failure stress/stress distribution relation at the contact region between the indenter and the surface of a YBCO-based thin film, obtaining the same force/penetration depth curve as with the indentation experiment. According to these main aims of FEM, the mesh-design effect, material properties and the boundary condition of the axisymmetric model were chosen and optimized to obtain the mechanical results of the instrumented indentation
Solid state synthesis of SrAl2O4:Mn2+ co-doped with Nd3+ phosphor and its optical properties
No full textThe optical properties of alkaline earth aluminates doped with rare earth ions have received much attention in the last years and this is due to. their chemical stability, long-afterglow (LAG) phosphorescence and high quantum efficiency. However, there is a lack of understanding about the nature of the rare earth ion trapping sites and the mechanisms which could activate and improve the emission centers in these materials. Therefore a new phosphor material composition, SrAl2O4:Mn2+, co-doped with Nd3+ was synthesized by a traditional solid-state reaction method. The influence of transition metal and rare earth doping on crystal structure and its luminescence properties have been investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering, Photoluminescence (PL) and Radioluminescence (RL). Analysis of the related diffraction patterns has revealed a major phase characteristic of the monoclinic SrAl2O4 compound. Small amounts of the dopants MnCO3 and Nd2O3 have almost no effect on the crsytalline phase composition. Characteristic absorption bands from Nd3+ 4f-4f transitions in the spectra can be assigned to the transitions from the ground state I-4(9/2) to the excited states. The luminescence of Mn2+ activated SrAl2O4 exhibits a broad green emission band from the synthesized phosphor particles under different excitation sources. This corresponds to the spin-forbidden transition of the d-orbital electron associated with the Mn2+ ion. In photo- and radio-luminescence spectra, Nd3+ 4f-4f transition peaks were observed. The emitted radiations for different luminescence techniques were dominated by 560, 870, 1057 and 1335 nm peaks in the visible and NIR regions as a result of I-4(9/2) -> (4)G(7/2) and F-4(3/2) -> I-4(J) (J=9/2, 11/2 and 13/2) transitions of Nd3+ ions, respectively. Multiple emission lines observed at each of these techniques are due to the crystal field splitting of the ground state of the emitting ions. The nature of the emission lines is discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Chiasmal decussation in tilted disc syndrome PVER in tilted disc
No full textThe tilted disc syndrome is a benign congenital abnormality of the optic nerve head. Since it can be confused with papilledema and chiasmal lesions, differential diagnosis is important. The tilting anomaly may be associated with other abnormalities along the optic nerve. Visual field defects may be similar to those in chiasmal lesions. In order to determine whether the normal crossover of nerve fibers at the chiasm is altered, the crossed and the uncrossed fibers were investigated using the pattern visual evoked responses (PVER) test. Thirty-four eyes of 17 patients diagnosed with tilted disc syndrome were evaluated for refraction, keratometry, color vision with Ishihara, visual field, and PVER. The presence of abnormal nerve fiber decussation was determined by recording PVER from the electrodes mounted on the scalp of both hemispheres. The amplitude and latency differences between the 'crossed' and 'uncrossed' fibers were not statistically significant (p>0.05). As a result, the tilting abnormality of papilla was found to be without chiasmal abnormal decussation
Relationship of sleep quality and quality of life in children with monosymptomatic enuresis
No full textHealth-related quality of life (QoL) in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis might be influenced by impaired quality of sleep. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible deteriorations in QoL and sleep quality and the association between these parameters in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. The study consisted of 44 children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and 27 healthy controls aged 6-15 years. KINDL QoL and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were applied to all children. Mean total KINDL scores in enuresis and control groups were 65.1 +/- 11.0 vs. 67.4 +/- 13.7, respectively (P = 0.44). PSQI scores were not significantly different between the groups (P > 0.05l). In the enuresis group, age showed significant negative correlation with self-esteem domain of KINDL (r = -0.39, P = 0.01) and positive correlation with sleep duration sub-score of the PSQI (r = 0.37, P = 0.03). Duration of enuresis showed significantly negative correlation with total KINDL score and self-esteem domain (r = -0.32 and r = -0.39, P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively). There was significant correlation between physical well-being sub-score of KINDL with daytime dysfunction and total scores of PSQI (r = -0.53, P = 0.001 and r = -0.41, P = 0.02, respectively). Daytime dysfunction sub-score of PSQI was significantly correlated with friends sub-score of KINDL (r = -0.33, P = 0.04). As age of the child and duration of enuresis increase, self-esteem domain of QoL worsens. Moreover, there is a significant correlation of physical well-being and friends domains of QoL score and total and daytime dysfunction scores of PSQI. These findings necessitate global evaluation of QoL and sleep quality in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis to increase efficacy of health care
Gingival Crevicular Fluid Osteocalcin, N-Terminal Telopeptides, and Calprotectin Levels in Cyclosporin A-Induced Gingival Overgrowth
No full textBackground: The aim of this cross-sectional study is to investigate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) osteocalcin, crosslinked N-terminal telopeptide (NTx), and calprotectin levels in cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced gingival overgrowth (GO). Methods: Forty medicated patients with CsA including 20 with GO (CsA GO+), 10 without GO (CsA GO-), 10 with GO and chronic periodontitis (CsA CP) and 60 patients with CP alone, 20 patients with gingivitis, and 20 healthy patients were enrolled. Probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, and papillary bleeding index were recorded. GCF calprotectin, osteocalcin, and NTx levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Parametric tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: The CsA GO+ and CP groups had significantly lower GCF osteocalcin levels and osteocalcin/NTx ratio than the healthy group, whereas GCF osteocalcin levels and osteocalcin/NTx ratio in the gingivitis group were higher than the CsA GO+, CsA GO-, CsA CP, and CP groups (P < 0.05). The CP group had elevated GCF calprotectin levels compared to the other study groups (P < 0.05). The CsA GO+ and CsA GO-groups also had higher GCF calprotectin levels compared to the CsA CP, gingivitis, and healthy groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Increased GCF calprotectin and decreased GCF osteocalcin levels in the CsA GO+ and CsA GO-groups might suggest that CsA plays a role on the levels of these markers. The similarity of GCF osteocalcin, NTx, and calprotectin levels in the CsA GO+ and CsA GO-groups might suggest that these molecules are not involved in the pathogenesis of GO. J Periodontol 2011; 82: 1490-1497
On Between Death and Life: Intensive Care Nurses
No full textThe aim of this study is to explore intensive care nurses' perceptions and experiences about death and dying patient. This study included 15 nurses from a university hospital's intensive care units (paediatric and internal medicine). Data were collected through face-to-face, in-depth and individual interviews using the Nurse Information Form and Semi-Structured Interview Form. Six major themes and sixteen sub-themes were identified on the nurses' perceptions and experiences with death. After the nurses described their perceptions of death, their responses, approaches, coping mechanisms, and effects on the dead and dying patient in care and factors affecting perceptions of death were defined. Our findings suggest that nurses, particularly those working in intensive care, should be educated/trained on death, and dying patient care. Thus, orderly psychological support should be provided to nurses