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Can mobile money adoption induce microenterprises to formalize? Evidence from a field experiment in Burkina Faso
No full textThis paper examines whether mobile money innovation can induce microenterprises to formalize, an overlooked dimension in the informality literature. We leverage the unique case of Burkina Faso, where two types of merchant accounts coexist: Bronze account for informal businesses and Gold account for formal ones. In March 2021, we launched a quasi-experimental intervention introducing these accounts to 1,387 informal businesses. We find that prior experience with the Bronze account significantly increases the likelihood of formalization, especially when firms are later offered support to open a Gold account. Building on this, we conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) targeting two groups of businesses based on their initial (un)willingness to formalize, a novel segmentation in the formalization literature. Among willing businesses, support for opening a Gold account outperformed traditional financial incentives highlighting the effectiveness of financial infrastructure over temporary subsidies. In contrast, unwilling businesses were less responsive to any treatment, underscoring the importance of behavioural intent and trust. Overall, our findings highlight that formalization programs are more effective when tailored to firms’ initial intent and prior financial experience. They emphasize the value of sequenced interventions that build on existing behaviours, offering practical insights for designing inclusive fintech strategies in low-income settings.</div
La conversion religieuse des protestants à Nantes des années 1670 aux années 1780. De la mobilité à l'intégration des étrangers, atouts et faiblesses du consentement
No full textInternational audienceThe typical portrait of the abjurer in Nantes, between 1678 and 1785, was a single man under 25, educated in a port in southwest Ireland, eager to find a career in the navy or commerce. The consent of these new converts was obtained through the intervention of members of the Irish Catholic community established in the city. A detailed analysis of the drivers of intra-religious conversions allows us to propose a gradation of consent, ranging from the resignation of the sick to the ambition of young merchants. The change in religious obedience occurred at the beginning of the process of integrating foreigners into the city. It did not erase the foreignness of individuals, but made it acceptable. In times of crisis, the weight of religious affiliations was exacerbated, forcing the English to abjure as a sign of allegiance to the King of France.Le portrait-type de l'abjurateur, à Nantes, entre 1678 et 1785, est un homme célibataire de moins de 25 ans éduqué dans un port du sud-ouest de l'Irlande, soucieux de trouver un métier dans la marine ou le commerce. Le consentement de ces nouveaux convertis est obtenu grâce à l'intervention des membres de la communauté catholique irlandaise établie dans la ville. Une analyse fine des ressorts des conversions intrareligieuses permet de proposer une graduation du consentement, allant de la résignation des malades à l'ambition des jeunes commerçants. Le changement d'obédience religieuse intervient au début du processus d'intégration des étrangers dans la cité. Il ne gomme pas l'extranéité des individus, mais la rend acceptable. En période de crise, le poids des appartenances religieuses s'exacerbe, contraignant les Anglais à abjurer en signe d'allégeance au roi de France
Profil papal : Léon XIII par Marcelle Lancelot-Croce
No full textCarnet Hypothèses "Au revers de la médaille" [https://medaille.hypotheses.org
Multicenter inter‐laboratory quality control of monocyte HLA‐DR expression by flow cytometry
No full textInternational audienc
L'impuissant, le juge et le médecin
No full textInternational audienceL'impuissant, le juge et le médecin L'impuissance, qui empêche la consommation du mariage, peut entraîner son annulation par les tribunaux canoniques. En plongeant dans les archives espagnoles, Marie Walin renouvelle la connaissance de ces procès en l'élargissant au XIX e siècle, au prisme de la médecine et de l'histoire des masculinités
Dynamics of Supercontinuum Generation from Light Filaments in Ceramic Nd:YAG Polycrystals
No full textInternational audienc
Role of Hydrology, Aquatic Vegetation, Habitat Size and Connectivity in Shaping Food Webs in a Eutrophic Agricultural Marshland
No full textInternational audienceAim: Understanding food‐web responses to environmental gradients is crucial for guiding effective ecosystem management measures. This aspect remains understudied in wetlands, particularly in human‐managed marshlands, despite the fact that many environmental factors can be controlled. This study examines whether and how hydrology, aquatic vegetation, habitat size and connectivity shape food‐web structures in drainage ditches and their conservation implications.Location: Marais Poitevin, the second‐largest agricultural marshland in western France (with concepts and methodologies applicable globally).Methods: From 2015 to 2021, macrofauna (including amphibians, fish and macroinvertebrates) were sampled from 55 ditches across eleven hydrological blocks with distinct water management strategies. Using literature‐based trophic links, we reconstructed food webs (representing potential trophic interactions among locally co‐occurring taxa) and computed four descriptors: proportions of top predators and omnivores, connectance and the maximum trophic level. Then, we applied structural equation modelling to investigate the direct and indirect effects of environmental factors on these food‐web metrics.Results: Ditches with unstable hydrology, experiencing large water level fluctuations and prolonged droughts, supported food webs with higher connectance, while the maximum trophic level remained unaffected. In contrast, wider ditches with higher water levels and complex aquatic vegetation supported food webs with longer food chains but lower connectance. Many of these effects were mediated by the proportions of top predators and omnivores, and, in fluctuating hydrological conditions, by aquatic vegetation complexity.Main Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of maintaining key environmental conditions to support complex and diverse food webs in human‐modified ecosystems, such as in highly water‐regulated agricultural marshes. Ecosystems with food webs featuring longer trophic chains and lower connectance may be more vulnerable, as species loss can trigger cascading effects. Specifically, to sustain ecosystem integrity, conservation efforts should focus on preventing habitat contraction and simplification while mitigating hydrological fluctuations to balance food‐web stability and biodiversity
Discrete circles: analytical definition and generation in the hexagonal grid
No full textInternational audienceWe propose an analytical definition of discrete circles in the hexagonal grid. Our approach is based on a non-constant thickness function. We determine the thickness using the (edge and vertex) flake model. Both types of circles are connected. We prove that edge flake circles are without simple points for integer radii. Incremental generation algorithms are deduced from the analytical characterization of both edge and vertex flake circles. We compare our approach with existing algorithms for the circle generation on the hexagonal grid. Our approach offers simpler algorithm and an analytical characterization that the other algorithms do not offer. The benefit of an analytical characterization is that it makes the question of the membership of a point to a primitive trivial
Etude théorique d’une architecture innovante de laser Raman programmable
No full textInternational audienceNous présentons une preuve de principe d’un laser Raman programmable à partir de résultats numériques. L’architecture proposée inclut une ligne à retard programmable permettant de générer deux peignes de fréquence avec des taux de répétition et des différences de porteuse ajustables. Nous abordons les conditions d’utilisation de cette architecture par une étude de stabilité et d’accordabilité
Tous moyens ? Idées reçues sur les classes moyennes
No full textInternational audienceOmniprésentes dans les discours, régulièrement invoquées par les journalistes et les responsables politiques, les classes moyennes restent pourtant difficiles à définir avec précision.On les décrit habituellement comme un monde intermédiaire, entre les classes dominantes et les classes populaires. Mais au-delà d’une zone médiane, que désignent les classes moyennes ? Où habitent-elles ? Pour qui votent-elles ? Quels sont leurs pratiques, leur niveau de vie, leurs aspirations ? Sont-elles en voie de paupérisation, en déclin, en crise ?Rompant avec les idées reçues, les chercheurs réunis dans cet ouvrage dessinent un portrait vivant et rigoureux de cette France « moyenne » et plurielle