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RIVAL UNDER ONE ROOF: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE SUBSIDIARIES IN INDONESIA’S INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER SECTOR
Full text linkWhen public entities compete under the same state roof, the lines between national service and commercial ambition blur. In Indonesia’s internet service provider (ISP) sector, subsidiaries of state-owned enterprises (SOEs)—including ICONNET (PLN), PGNCOM (Pertamina), and JMRB (Jasa Marga) —have entered commercial markets, often overlapping with private actors. While their expansion is framed as part of national digital infrastructure development, it raises institutional and legal tensions related to role boundaries, governance neutrality, and market efficiency. This study applies a normative legal approach, supported by institutional economic theory—particularly comparative advantage and institutional specialization —to evaluate whether such activities are consistent with public mandates and regulatory frameworks. Drawing on Law No. 1/2025, Government Regulation No. 72/2016, and Government Regulation No. 46/2021, the paper identifies sectoral misalignment and structural ambiguities that threaten competitive neutrality. It concludes with policy recommendations for clarifying institutional roles, reinforcing infrastructure-sharing governance, and ensuring that public investment aligns with long-term market integrity
Key Factors Influencing Consumer Purchasing Decisions in Digital Era
Full text linkThis study examines the combined impact of digital marketing, strategic location, brand equity, and price perception on consumer purchasing decisions in the furniture industry, specifically at Mebel Mandiri. By integrating digital transformation and behavioral economics, it provides insights into consumer decision-making dynamics. Using a quantitative associative approach, data was collected through online questionnaires from 33 respondents and analyzed with SPSS 20, including validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, and F and T-tests. The findings reveal that digital marketing and price perception significantly influence purchasing decisions, while location and brand equity do not. Together, these variables account for 72.2% of purchasing decisions, with 27.8% influenced by other factors. This study emphasizes that digital marketing strategies and competitive pricing are critical for increasing consumer purchases. Businesses should enhance interactive and credible digital content while ensuring prices reflect product benefits. Additionally, this research highlights the importance of digital marketing and price perception in boosting SMEs' competitiveness, promoting digital transformation, and fostering fair pricing to build consumer trust. Strengthening these strategies expands market reach, enhances business resilience, and contributes to economic sustainability. The study suggests that companies invest in targeted digital campaigns and data-driven pricing strategies to attract and retain customers. By implementing these approaches, businesses can not only increase sales but also drive local economic growth, create job opportunities, and support long-term business sustainability. Ultimately, digital marketing and pricing strategies play a vital role in shaping the future of SMEs in the digital era
DAMPAK PENGGUNAAN QRIS TERHADAP AKTIVITAS EKONOMI PEDAGANG DI PASAR 16 ILIR PALEMBANG
Full text linkAbstrak: Perkembangan teknologi informasi telah membawa perubahan besar pada sistem pembayaran, di mana Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) menjadi inovasi penting yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi serta merangkul lebih banyak orang dalam sistem keuangan. Namun, adopsi QRIS di pasar tradisional masih rendah karena kurangnya pengetahuan digital dan preferensi konsumen yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh penggunaan QRIS terhadap kegiatan ekonomi para pedagang di Pasar 16 Ilir Palembang. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif, penelitian ini melibatkan wawancara mendalam dan observasi partisipatif terhadap 30 pedagang yang telah memanfaatkan QRIS selama minimal tiga bulan, yang dipilih melalui purposive sampling. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa QRIS memberikan dampak positif yang signifikan terhadap efisiensi transaksi (90%), otomatisasi pencatatan keuangan (76,7%), dan keamanan dalam proses pembayaran (73,3%). Selain itu, QRIS juga berkontribusi dalam peningkatan jumlah pelanggan (66,7%) dan omzet penjualan (53,3%), yang sejalan dengan konsep kegunaan yang dirasakan dalam Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Meskipun demikian, terdapat beberapa tantangan seperti preferensi pelanggan untuk melakukan transaksi secara tunai (73,3%), kesulitan bagi pedagang dalam menggunakan aplikasi digital (60%), gangguan sinyal internet (50%), dan kurangnya dukungan teknis (33,3%), yang mengindikasikan perlunya peningkatan kemudahan penggunaan. Untuk itu, penelitian ini merekomendasikan program pendidikan digital yang berkelanjutan, pengembangan infrastruktur digital yang memadai, serta promosi aktif untuk meningkatkan kesadaran dan minat terhadap QRIS. Hal ini diharapkan dapat mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan di pasar tradisional serta meningkatkan daya saing pedagang dalam era digital.
Kata Kunci: QRIS; pasar tradisional; efisiensi transaksi; pedagang; digitalisasi pembayaran.
Abstract: The development of information technology has brought major changes to the payment system payment system, where the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) has become an important an important innovation that aims to improve efficiency and embrace more people in the financial system. more people in the financial system. However, QRIS adoption in traditional markets markets is still low due to the lack of digital knowledge and preferences of different consumers. This study aims to examine the effect of the use of QRIS on the economic activities of traders in 16 Ilir Market, Palembang. Palembang. Using a descriptive qualitative method, this research involves in-depth interviews and participatory observation of 30 merchants who have been utilizing QRIS for at least three months. who have utilized QRIS for at least three months, selected through purposive sampling. purposive sampling. The results of this study show that QRIS provides a significant positive impact on transaction efficiency (90%), automation of (76.7%), and security in the payment process (73.3%). In addition, QRIS also contributes to an increase in the number of customers (66.7%) and sales turnover (53.3%). and sales turnover (53.3%), which is in line with the concept of perceived usefulness in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Nonetheless, there are some challenges such as customers' preference for cash transactions (73.3%), difficulties for merchants in using digital applications (60%), internet signal interference (50%), and lack of technical support (33.3%), indicating the need for indicating the need to improve the ease of This research recommends a sustainable digital education program, development of adequate digital infrastructure, as well as active promotion to increase awareness and interest in QRIS. This is expected to encourage inclusive and sustainable economic growth in traditional markets as well as improve traditional markets as well as improving merchant competitiveness in the digital era.
Keywords: QRIS; traditional markets; transaction efficiency; merchants; payment digitization
Quizlet فعالية وسيلة التقويم "قوئزليت" في ترقية مهارة القراءة لطلاب الصف العاشر في المدرسة الثانوية الاسلامية الحكومية ٢ جومبانج
No full textملخص البحث: استنادا إلى حالة مشاكل تعلم اللغة العربية في الصف العاشر من مدرسة الثانوية الاسلامية حكومية 2 في جومبانج، هناك حاجة لترقية مهارة القراءة. وبالتحديد، فإن اهتمام الطلاب بالعمل على أسئلة مهارة القراءة منخفض جدًا، لأن العمل على أسئلة مهارة القراءة ممل جدًا، خاصة إذا كان باستخدام الورقة والأقلام فقط، لذلك يكون الطلاب أقل تركيزًا وأقل استجابة عند العمل على أسئلة مهارة القراءة.ولذلك, إحدى الطرق التي يمكن القيام بها هي استخدام الوسيلة التفاعلية، مثل تطبيق Quizlet.استنادًا إلى هذه الخلفية، صوغ هذا البحث مشكلة تهدف إلى: وصف استخدام وسيلة التقويم " Quizlet".وصف ترقية مهارة القراءة.وصف فعالية استخدام " Quizlet". لترقية مهارة القراءة. استخدامت هذه الدراسة منهجية الكمي باستخدام طريقة ما قبل التجربة (اختبار ما قبل وما بعد لمجموعة واحدة). تقنيات جمع البيانات تشمل الملاحظة، اختبار الأسئلة، والتوثيق. تحليل البيانات يتم باستخدام التحليل الإحصائي الوصفي والتحليل الإحصائي الاستنتاجي غير المعلمي بمساعدة SPSS 16.0 من خلال اختبار Wilcoxson Signed Rank. نتائج البحث أن استخدام وسيلة Quizlet ساعد بشكل كبير في تسهيل تقييم الطلاب. يمكن ملاحظة تحسين مهارة القراءة من خلال نتائج الاختبارات، حيث كانت قيمة المتوسط للاختبار القبلي 66.06، بينما كانت قيمة المتوسط للاختبار البعدي 91.78. إن متوسط نتائج الاختبار البعدي أعلى مقارنة بمتوسط الاختبار القبليأظهرت نتائج البحث أن من المعروف أن قيمة Asymp.Sig (2-Tailed) هي 0.000، لأن قيمة 0.000 أصغر من 0.05، يمكن استنتاج أن ”الفرضية مقبولة“. وهذا يعني أن : هناك توجد فعالية وسيلة التقويم Quizlet”". في ترقية مهارة القراءة لطلاب الصف العاشر في المدرسة الثانوية الاسلامية الحكومية ٢ جومبانج.
الكلمة الرئيسية : التقويم ، وسيلة " Quizlet"، مهارة القراءة
Abstrack: Based on the problems of Arabic language learning in class X Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Jombang, there is a need to improve reading. Namely, students' interest in working on Maharoh Qiroah questions is very low, because it is considered that working on Maharah Qiroah questions is very boring, so students do not respond when working on Maharah Qiroah questions.
Therefore, one way that can be done is to use interactive media, such as the Quizlet application.This study formulates a problem that aims: to describe the use of Quizlet Evaluation media, to describe the improvement of Maharoh Qiro'ah, to describe the effectiveness of Quizlet Evaluation Media on improving Maharah Qiro'ah.This research uses Quantitative, Pre-experimental method (one group pre test post test). Sample used 32 students of class X Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Jombang.
Data collection techniques using observation, test questions and documentation. Data analysis used descriptive statistical analysis and non-parametric inferential statistical analysis with the help of SPSS 16.0 through the Wilcoxson Signed Rank Test.The use of Quizlet is very helpful in facilitating student assessment. The improvement in reading ability can be observed through the test results, where the pre-test average score is 66.06, while the post-test average score is 91.78. The results show that the Asymp.sig (2-Tailed) value is 0.000, because the value of 0.000 is smaller than 0.05, it can be concluded that the value of 0.000 is greater than 0.05.
Keywords: Evaluation, Quizlet Media, Reading Skills
Abstrak. Berdasarkan permasalahan pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di kelas X Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Jombang, terdapat kebutuhan meningkatkan kemampuan membaca. Yakni minat siswa dalam mengerjakan Soal maharoh Qiroah itu sangat Rendah, karena dianggap mengerjakan soal maharah Qiroah sangat membosankan terutama jika hanya menggunakan Kertas dan pulpen , sehingga siswa kurang fokus dan kurang merespon jika mengerjakan soal Maharah Qiroah. Oleh karna itu, Salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan menggunakan media interaktif, seperti aplikasi Quizlet.
Penelitian ini merumuskan Masalah yang bertujuan:mendeskripsikan penggunaan media Evaluasi Quizlet,mendeskripsikan peningkatan Maharoh Qiro’ah,untuk mendeskripsikan Efektivitas Media Evaluasi Quizlet terhadap Peningkatan Maharah Qiro’ah siswa kelas X Pada mata pelajaran Bahasa arab Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Jombang.
Penelitian ini menggunakan Kuantitatif dengan Metode Pre- eksperimen ( one group pre test post test). Sample yang digunakan sebanyak 32 siswa kelas X Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Jombang.Teknik Pengumpulan Data mengguakan Observasi , Tes Soal dan Dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan analisis statistik deskriptif dan analisis statistik inferensial non parametrik dengan bantuan SPSS 16.0 melalui Wilcoxson Signed Rank Test.
Penggunaan Quizlet sangat membantu dalam memfasilitasi penilaian siswa. Peningkatan kemampuan membaca dapat diamati melalui hasil tes, dimana nilai rata-rata pre-test adalah 66,06, sedangkan nilai rata-rata post-test adalah 91,78. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diketahui nilai Asymp.sig (2-Tailed) sebesar 0,000, karena nilai 0,000 lebih kecil dari 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa “hipotesis diterima”. Hal ini berarti bahwa : Ada efektivitas Quizlet dalam meningkatkan keterampilan membaca siswa kelas 10 di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Islam Negeri 2 Jombang.
Kata Kunci : Evaluasi, Media Quizlet, Keterampilan Membac
فعالية طريقة القواعد والترجمة في تعليم الكتابة: دراسة مراجعة منهجية للأدبيات
No full textملخص البحث: يهدف هذا البحث إلى تحليل فعالية منهج القواعد والترجمة في تعليم مهارة الكتابة باللغة العربية، من خلال توظيف منهجية الدراسة المكتبية .يستند هذا المنهج التقليدي إلى ترجمة النصوص بالاعتماد على القواعد النحوية، وقد تم استخدامه على نطاق واسع في تعليم اللغة العربية للناطقين بغيرها. قام الباحث بمراجعة مجموعة من الأدبيات الكلاسيكية والمعاصرة التي تناولت الأسس النظرية والتطبيقات العملية لهذا الأسلوب، بالإضافة إلى استعراض نتائجه في البيئات التعليمية المختلفة. أظهرت النتائج أن هذا المنهج يُسهم في ترسيخ الفهم البنيوي للغة وتعزيز الدقة النحوية لدى المتعلمين في سياق الكتابة. ومع ذلك، بيّنت الدراسة أن هذا الأسلوب لا يكفي بمفرده لتطوير الطلاقة في الكتابة أو تنمية القدرات التعبيرية والإبداعية للمتعلمين. وبناء على ذلك، توصي الدراسة بتبني منهج القواعد والترجمة كجزء من إطار تعليمي تكاملي يجمع بين المقاربة البنيوية والنهج التواصلي التفاعلي، ما يسهم في تحقيق توازن بين الدقة اللغوية والقدرة على التعبير، ومن ثمّ يدعم تعلمًا أكثر شمولًا وفعالية للغة العربية في سياقات تعليمية متنوعة.
كلمات مفتاحية: القواعد والترجمة، تعليم اللغة العربية، مهارة الكتابة، طريقة القواعد والترجمة، دراسة مراجعة منهجية للأدبيات.
Abstrack: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the grammar and translation approach in teaching Arabic writing skills, using a literature review methodology. This traditional approach is based on translating texts based on grammatical rules, and has been widely used in teaching Arabic to non-native speakers. The researcher reviewed various classical and contemporary literature that discusses the theoretical basis and practical application of this method, in addition to reviewing its results in various educational settings. However, research shows that this method alone is not enough to develop writing fluency or enhance students' expressive and creative abilities. Therefore, this study recommends the implementation of the grammar and translation approach as part of an integrated educational framework that combines the structural approach and the interactive communication approach. This helps to achieve a balance between linguistic accuracy and expressiveness, thus supporting more comprehensive and effective Arabic language learning in various educational contexts.
Keywords: Grammar and translation, Arabic language teaching, writing skills, grammar and translation methods, systematic literature review.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas pendekatan tata bahasa dan penerjemahan dalam pengajaran keterampilan menulis bahasa Arab, dengan menggunakan metodologi studi pustaka. Pendekatan tradisional ini didasarkan pada penerjemahan teks berdasarkan kaidah tata bahasa, dan telah banyak digunakan dalam pengajaran bahasa Arab kepada penutur non-asli. Peneliti meninjau berbagai literatur klasik dan kontemporer yang membahas landasan teoritis dan aplikasi praktis metode ini, selain meninjau hasilnya dalam berbagai lingkungan pendidikan. Namun, penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode ini saja tidak cukup untuk mengembangkan kefasihan menulis atau meningkatkan kemampuan ekspresif dan kreatif pelajar. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini merekomendasikan penerapan pendekatan tata bahasa dan penerjemahan sebagai bagian dari kerangka pendidikan terpadu yang menggabungkan pendekatan struktural dan pendekatan komunikasi interaktif. Hal ini membantu mencapai keseimbangan antara akurasi linguistik dan ekspresivitas, sehingga mendukung pembelajaran bahasa Arab yang lebih komprehensif dan efektif dalam berbagai konteks pendidikan.
Kata Kunci: Tata bahasa dan penerjemahan, pengajaran bahasa Arab, keterampilan menulis, tata bahasa dan metode penerjemahan, tinjauan pustaka sistematis
تطبيق طريقة المناقشة لمهارة الكلام بمدرسة المتوسطة الإسلامية زين الحسن قنقون فروبولنجو
No full textالملخص
يتناول هذا البحث تطبيق طريقة المناقشة في تعليم مهارة الكلام في مدرسة المتوسطة الإسلامية زين الحسن قنقون. تنطلق خلفية هذا البحث من الحاجة إلى طريقة فعالة لتحسين طلاقة الطلاب في التحدث باللغة العربية في بيئة ناطقة بالعربية. استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي النوعي، وتم جمع البيانات من خلال الملاحظة والمقابلة والوثائق. أظهرت نتائج البحث أن طريقة المناقشة تم تنفيذها من خلال خمس خطوات، وهي القراءة مع المعلم، والترجمة، والتطبيق العملي للمحادثة، وتطوير المادة، وتنظيم يوم اللغة العربية. وقد أسهمت هذه الطريقة في تحسين مهارة الكلام لدى الطلاب، لكنها واجهت تحديات مع بعض الطلاب المبتدئين الذين يجدون صعوبة في المحاكاة والفهم. ويوصي البحث بدمج طريقة المناقشة مع طرق تعليمية أخرى لتجاوز هذه التحديات.
الكلمات المفتاحية: طريقة المناقشة، تعليم اللغة العربية، مهارة الكلام.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini membahas penerapan metode munaqosah dalam pembelajaran keterampilan berbicara bahasa Arab di MTs Zainul Hasan Genggong. Latar belakang penelitian ini didasari oleh kebutuhan akan metode yang dapat meningkatkan kelancaran berbicara santri secara aktif dalam lingkungan berbahasa Arab. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode munaqosah diterapkan melalui lima langkah, yaitu membaca bersama dengan panduan guru, menerjemahkan, praktik berbicara, pengembangan materi, dan pelaksanaan hari bahasa Arab. Metode ini terbukti memberikan kontribusi positif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berbicara santri. Namun, terdapat juga kendala bagi santri pemula yang mengalami kesulitan dalam memahami dan meniru percakapan berbahasa Arab. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan integrasi metode munaqosah dengan pendekatan lain untuk mengatasi keterbatasan tersebut.
Abstract
This study explores the application of the discussion method in teaching Arabic speaking skills at Junior High school Zainul Hasan Genggong. The research is grounded in the need for a method that actively promotes fluency among students in an Arabic-speaking environment. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that the muhawarah method was implemented in five stages: guided reading, translation, speaking practice, material development, and the celebration of Arabic Language Day. This method significantly contributed to enhancing students’ speaking abilities. However, it posed challenges for beginners who struggled with understanding and imitation. The study recommends integrating the discussion method with other approaches to overcome these limitations.
Keywords: discussion Method, Arabic Language Learning, Speaking Skills.
 
DETERMINANT IN GENERATION Z'S SHARIA TOURISM DECISIONS: THE ROLE OF DIGITALIZATION
Full text linkAbstract: The growth of digital technology has resulted in huge changes in many aspects of life, including the tourist industry. This study seeks to analyse the influence of digitalisation, as assessed by two independent variables, namely digital literacy and the use of digital material, on Islamic tourism decisions among Generation Z in East Java. This study employs a quantitative method with a population of Generation Z in East Java. The sample approach used was accidental sampling, with 402 respondents chosen using the Slovin formula. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire designed to measure digital literacy, digital content consumption, and sharia tourism choices. The SEM-PLS model was used to examine data to assess the degree to which digital literacy and digital content utilisation impact Generation Z's decision to visit Sharia, both directly and indirectly.This study's findings indicate that digital literacy and the consumption of digital material both have a significant influence on the decision to visit Sharia Tourism Generation Z in East Java. Experience with digital material for tourism can mitigate the impact of varying tourism digital literacy on Sharia tourist decisions. The findings of this study are likely to help Sharia tourism industry operators optimise digitalisation efforts in order to improve Generation Z interest in and decision-making regarding Sharia tourism.
Keywords: generation z; sharia tourism decisions; digitalization.
Abstrak: Pertumbuhan teknologi digital telah menyebabkan perubahan besar dalam banyak aspek kehidupan, termasuk industri pariwisata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh digitalisasi, yang dinilai dari dua variabel independen, yaitu literasi digital dan penggunaan materi digital, terhadap keputusan pariwisata Islam di kalangan Generasi Z di Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan populasi Generasi Z di Jawa Timur. Pendekatan sampel yang digunakan adalah sampling aksidental, dengan 402 responden yang dipilih menggunakan rumus Slovin. Data primer dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner yang dirancang untuk mengukur literasi digital, konsumsi konten digital, dan pilihan pariwisata syariah. Model SEM-PLS digunakan untuk menganalisis data guna menilai sejauh mana literasi digital dan pemanfaatan konten digital mempengaruhi keputusan Generasi Z untuk mengunjungi Pariwisata Syariah, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa literasi digital dan konsumsi materi digital memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap keputusan untuk mengunjungi Pariwisata Syariah oleh Generasi Z di Jawa Timur. Pengalaman dengan materi digital untuk pariwisata dapat membantu mengurangi dampak perbedaan literasi digital pariwisata terhadap keputusan pariwisata syariah. Temuan dari penelitian ini dapat membantu operator industri pariwisata syariah untuk mengoptimalkan upaya digitalisasi guna meningkatkan minat dan pengambilan keputusan Generasi Z terkait pariwisata syariah.
Kata Kunci: generasi z; keputusan berwisata syariah; digitalisasi
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GAME-BASED LEARNING AND POWER POINT-MULTIMEDIA INSTRUCTION IN TEACHING ENGLISH SPEAKING SKILLS
Full text linkVarious teaching methodologies have been applied in teaching English speaking skills throughout Indonesia, among them are Game Based Learning (GBL) and Power point-Multimedia Based Learning (PMBL). Therefore, in this paper, the author has explored the effectiveness of both learning methods in enhancing the English-speaking skills of fourteen seven graders in Mondial Junior High School. The research was conducted by employing comparative quantitative research, with the design of post-test only design. The data collection was taken by the help of a modified IELTS speaking test method, and the data was examined by an independent sample t-test. The data analyst shows that there were no significant differences, which means that the two learning methods were proven to be both effective for the seven graders in Mondial Junior High School. Other than that, the speaking test results shows an unique pattern outcome comparing both learning treatments.
 
THE JOURNEY OF SELF-ACCEPTANCE AND BELONGING IN NATASHA ROMANOFF’S CHARACTER IN THE MARVEL STUDIOS FILMS
Full text linkThe purpose of this study is to examine the journey of self-acceptance (self- acceptance) and belongingness (belonging) in the character of Natasha Romanoff, which is featured in several Marvel Studios films, including Black Widow (2021), The Avengers (2012), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and Avengers: Endgame (2019). This study employs qualitative research methods, including descriptive analysis, and is based on the Personality Development Theory of Elizabeth B. Hurlock (1974), with a particular emphasis on the concept of self-acceptance. The results of the analysis indicate that the character Natasha Romanoff experiences significant emotional and psychological changes. He begins his life as a traumatized individual who is subjected to the Red Room manipulation and small-scale trauma, and he gradually constructs his own identity after joining the Avengers. Natasha gradually expresses gratitude, trust, and a place to rest through her relationships with Avengers members and her family, a journey that contributes to her self-discovery. Natasha's decision to participate in the final Avengers: Endgame is the culmination of the series, during which she expresses her deepest understanding of herself and her purpose. This study demonstrates that the character Natasha Romanoff is a significant representation of the birth, death, and mourning processes in the context of social relations. It also implies that popular films can serve as a viable medium for exploring psychological and existential issues in dept
Virtual Legal Culture That Hinders the Rights of Statutory Rape Victim Girls to Receive Protection and Recovery
Full text linkA girl who engages in sexual intercourse with an adult man is legally considered a victim of sexual violence in the form of statutory rape, thus entitled to protection and recovery. However, in a statutory rape case involving a teacher and student in Gorontalo in September 2024, the victim's identity was widely disseminated online, complicating the protection and recovery process. This research aims to identify the virtual legal culture that undermines the rights of female victims of statutory rape to receive protection and recovery. The study employs an ethnographic method with a socio-legal approach. Data were collected through virtual observation of TikTok accounts responding to statutory rape cases in Gorontalo and analyzed using content analysis techniques. The results show a series of legal cultures that hinder the fulfillment of the rights of female statutory rape victims to enjoy protection. These include the "kepo" culture, or excessive curiosity about others' affairs, which drives the public to delve deeply into the case; the "social climbing" culture, where individuals exploit the case's popularity to boost their notoriety; and the "spill the tea" culture, or online gossiping, used as a form of social sanction against the girl, who is often wrongly perceived as the perpetrator of adultery