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Liquidations et redressements judiciaires : comment les juges consulaires hiérarchisent les défaillances d’entreprises
No full textInternational audienceThis article contributes to understanding a form of normative rationalization in judicial action and extends Legal Consciousness Studies by shifting its focus: the plurality of relationships to law concerns not only the litigants but also the judges themselves.Résumé En France, les juges consulaires – des chefs d’entreprises élus par leurs pairs – occupent une position centrale dans le traitement des défaillances d’entreprises. À partir d’une enquête ethnographique et statistique, cet article montre que la justice consulaire est structurée par une élite interne, sélectionnée par cooptation et pour sa compétence financière, qui hiérarchise les procédures : les liquidations, massives et routinières, concernant surtout un entrepreneuriat populaire disqualifié sont assimilées au « sale boulot », tandis que les redressements judiciaires, minoritaires, sont investis comme le « vrai travail » qui donne sens à l’engagement consulaire. En audience, les juges évaluent les entrepreneurs sur leurs comptes, mais aussi sur leur attitude et leur sincérité, distinguant les « bons dirigeants » des « mauvais faillis ». L’article contribue à mettre en lumière une forme de rationalisation normative de l’action judiciaire. Il enrichit ainsi les Legal Consciousness Studies en montrant que la pluralité des rapports au droit ne concerne pas seulement les justiciables, mais également les juges eux-mêmes
From Wisconsin Institutionalism to American Macroeconomics: The Issue behind Unemployment Insurance (1910-1940) in the United States
No full textInternational audienceSocial policy has been a field of analytical and political debates during the New Deal. While historians of economic thought have studied this period in depth, the field of social policy has been somehow neglected. This paper focuses on the quarrel (as it was named by US American historians) which occurred during the genesis of unemployment insurance in the United-States during the 1930's. This historical debate opposes Wisconsin's Institutionalism led by John R. Commons and a diffuse group composed of reformers and economists developing some "Keynesian elements" in American thought. The paper argues that, while there is clearly a link between Commons and Keynes's thinking, the fact is that on the specific subject of employment, Commons charts his own course and advocates a "structural supply-side policy" centered on institutional reform in the implementation of unemployment insurance in the United-States.We highlight the lessons from this debate that took place among advocates of social security, revealing two conceptions of the social control of capitalism and two institutional designs for unemployment assurance. By completing the historiography of this period, the paper challenges the conventional wisdom by arguing that the New Deal in social policy does not really embody Commons' specific philosophy and economics
Determinants of successful completion and short-term benefits associated with temporary alcohol abstinence during Dry January in France: A prospective cohort study
No full textInternational audienceObjective: Temporary alcohol abstinence campaigns (TAAC), such as Dry January, aim to encourage behavioural change in the general population. Despite its popularity, a comprehensive evaluation of the French version has not yet been conducted. This prospective study aimed to identify characteristics associated with successful completion of the challenge (i.e., remaining alcohol-free throughout January), and to assess improvements in drinking refusal self-efficacy, sleep quality, and mental and physical health.Methods: A sample of 2123 French adults participating in Dry January 2024 completed both a baseline and a one-month follow-up questionnaire online. A broad range of variables were assessed, including demographic and contextual factors, alcohol use patterns and motives, drinking refusal self-efficacy, and health-related outcomes.Results: Key factors positively associated with successful completion included previous participation, registration, and higher baseline self-efficacy in resisting alcohol in social situations. Among registrants, greater engagement with support emails significantly increased the likelihood of abstinence. In contrast, smoking and identifying one's drinking as excessive were linked to lower odds of completion. The campaign was associated with improvements in drinking refusal self-efficacy, mental well-being, sleep quality, and physical health - particularly among participants who completed the full month without alcohol.Conclusions: This study offers the first evaluation of the French version of Dry January, highlighting the factors influencing challenge completion and short-term benefits of participation. The findings add support to the value of TAAC as scalable and impactful public health tools and underscore the importance of tailored support strategies to maximize participant success and behavioural change
Hydrophobization of carboxymethyl cellulose by Passerini reaction: towards films with improved water vapor barrier properties
No full textInternational audienceTo address the need for developing sustainable materials with effective barriers to water vapor, this work explores the potential of self-supported films made of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) functionalized by the Passerini three-component reaction. Aliphatic aldehydes and tert-butyl isocyanide were grafted onto CMC backbone to yield dually hydrophobized derivatives. These modified polysaccharides were processed into films by solvent casting and their water vapor transfer properties were examined. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments revealed a nanoscale organization for Passerini-modified films, attributed to the formation of hydrophobic domains characterized by a nanometric interdomain spacing. Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in moisture content water for modified films, from ≃ 1.1 g g -1 for unmodified CMC to below 0.5 g g -1 for hydrophobized derivatives at a w = 0.95. Guggenheim-Anderson-deBoer (GAB) and Zimm-Lundberg modeling showed a decrease in sorption site availability from 3 to ≃ 1.5 per glucose unit, while the size of water clusters was significantly increased. The Passerini modification also resulted in a substantial decrease of water vapor permeability (WVP) from 44 000 barrer to 2500 barrer at a w = 0.5. These results unequivocally underpin the benefits of the Passerini functionalization which allows to enhance the water vapor barrier performance. The findings highlight the potential of such a reaction for developing next-generation and bio-based packaging materials with tailored water vapor barrier properties.</div
Insights from English pronunciation MOOC users : The view from "The other forgotten continent"
No full textInternational audienceMassive Open and Online Courses (MOOCs) are a valuable contemporary learning resource, and they can be used to promote intelligibility in L2 English pronunciation instruction and learning. Learner reactions to such resources, e.g., in surveys, focus group discussions, comments related to MOOC exercises, etc., potentially reflect their broad language ideology. To this end, we analysed user comments from the MOOC English Pronunciation in a Global World (EPGW) created by Laura Rupp in 2019, focusing on users from Central and South America. This is an under-researched region where three pluricentric languages with different statuses co-exist (Spanish, Portuguese and English), and with a long history of population flows for employment and education. Users' comments from the seven runs of the MOOC reveal how they perceive the notions of fluency and intelligibility, simultaneously providing insights into their aspirations and goals, and thus filling a gap in the research
Who Says Heritage? Old Stakes and New Practices ofPatrimonialisation of Coal Activities in the Industrial French City ofSaint-Etienne
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter looks at the fluctuations of heritage in a town that was once one of the country’s main industrial and mining centres, before suffering a severe economic and demographic depression in the 1970s. For a long time, both the French government and the town council were reluctant to give heritage status to these industrial remains. It is only recently that the industry and its workers’ memory have been given a certain “heritage legitimacy”. In this process, mining took on a more prominent role than ithad in the city’s history and economy. Saint-Etienne imagined itself to be a city of miners, forgetting metalworkers and weavers. The museum dedicated to the subject since 1991 has played an important role in fostering the recognition and legitimacy of asocial heritage that is now better recognised. The chapter shows that, over the last thirty years, what we might call the “confines of heritage” have contributed to transforming and renewing what constitutes heritage; at the same time, it shows how this heritage contributes to the life of the city. Ultimately, heritage is not made up of unchanging elements but is constantly renegotiated by social actors
David Graeber ou l’art de défaire les évidences
No full textParu dans : AOC media - Analyse Opinion Critique, 23 janvier 2026, Opinion, URL : https://aoc.media/analyse/2026/01/22/david-graeber-ou-lart-de-defaire-les-evidences/International audienceLa récente publication d’un ouvrage collectif consacré à David Graeber, ainsi que la traduction commentée d’un de ses textes, offrent l’occasion de revisiter la portée actuelle de ses analyses. Ses réflexions sur le travail, les bullshit jobs, la bureaucratie, la dette ou la démocratie éclairent avec une clarté singulière les tensions contemporaines et les impasses de nos institutions.Paru dans : AOC media - Analyse Opinion Critique, 23 janvier 2026, Opinion, URL : https://aoc.media/analyse/2026/01/22/david-graeber-ou-lart-de-defaire-les-evidences
Factors Influencing STEM Self-Efficacy Among Primary School Pupils: A Gender Comparison
No full textInternational audienceThis study examines the influence of gender-related beliefs on STEM self-efficacy among primary school pupils in Malaysia, a context shaped by cultural diversity and hierarchical norms. While gender gaps in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) are often associated with early-formed stereotypes and mindsets, their specific influence on children’s STEM self-efficacy remains under-explored, particularly in Southeast Asian settings. This study compares male and female pupils’ gender stereotypes in STEM, male-power stereotype, perceptions of STEM, growth mindset, and STEM self-efficacy. It also investigates whether the relationships between these factors and STEM self-efficacy differ by gender. A quantitative comparative design was employed, involving 415 primary school pupils aged 8–9 years (Year 2–3). Five instruments were used; the Gender Stereotypes Measure, Gender-Power Attribution Task, Self-Perception Scale in STEM, Growth Mindset Sub-scale from the Implicit Theories of Intelligence Scale for Children (ITIS), and the Self-Efficacy Scale in STEM. Data were analysed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), Chi-square tests of independence, and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed that male pupils held stronger gender stereotypes in STEM, while no significant gender differences were found in other variables. Regression analysis showed that a growth mindset and positive perceptions of STEM were significant predictors of STEM self-efficacy. Gender stereotypes in STEM had a weaker but statistically significant positive effect, while male-power stereotype were not significant. Gender does not significantly moderate the relationships between the predictors and STEM self-efficacy. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening growth mindsets and fostering positive perceptions of STEM to support self-efficacy among pupils of both genders. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing STEM self-efficacy and offer implications for addressing gender disparities in STEM education
Blocking Sphingosine 1‐phosphate Metabolism With Fingolimod Prevents the Progression of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease
No full textInternational audienceABSTRACT Patients with chronic kidney disease, and particularly those under hemodialysis, are prone to develop cardiovascular complications, mostly due to the exacerbation of vascular calcification. Vascular calcification relies on the transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells into calcifying cells. Sphingosine 1‐phosphate is a pleiotropic sphingolipid and an important regulator of osteogenesis and the cardiovascular system. Therefore, we explored the role of sphingosine 1‐phosphate metabolism in chronic kidney disease‐derived vascular calcification. Vascular calcification progression in chronic kidney disease and sphingosine 1‐phosphate signaling were examined in calcified vascular smooth muscle cells, in aortic explants, in rats with adenine‐induced chronic kidney disease, as well as in serum from hemodialysis patients. Sphingosine kinase 2 activity and sphingosine 1‐phosphate secretion, under the control of phospholipase D1, were exacerbated in calcified vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, phospholipase D1 knockout mice display significantly less circulating sphingosine 1‐phosphate, supporting intertwined signalization cascades. Overall, sphingosine kinase expression and activity were upregulated in calcified aortic explants and in calcified aortas from rats. Sphingosine 1‐phosphate was increased in the serum of rats with mild vascular calcification. The Food and Drug Administration‐approved immunosuppressant drug fingolimod, a general modulator of S1P metabolism, strongly inhibited calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells and aortic explants. Additionally, fingolimod significantly reduced inflammation, attenuated metabolic syndrome and moderately inhibited aortic calcification in rats. Finally, we demonstrated for the first time that serum sphingosine 1‐phosphate was significantly increased in hemodialysis patients with mild abdominal aortic calcification. Our findings open an unexplored therapeutic option, which is targeting sphingosine 1‐phosphate metabolism, eventually with fingolimod, for the prevention and treatment of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease patients
Être et avoir été élève en dispositif Ulis : compensation ou aggravation du risque de pauvreté juvénile ?
No full textInternational audienceCurrently accounting for 26.7% of middle and high school students with disabilities, the number of pupils enrolled in “Ulis” (a French program for the educational inclusion of disabled students) has risen from less than 6 000 on the eve of the 2005 law on disability rights, to over 57 000 in 2022 (RERS 2023). We will first show that this population comes from a less disadvantaged segment of the popular classes than Segpa (Class for adapted teaching), but also that it has an even more fragile educational future and economic integration. However, not all Ulis students are equally vulnerable. Then, we will put into perspective different sociological and school contexts for the same category of “cognitive function disorder” (80% of Ulis students) : some secondary schools are less likely than others to place these young people in relegated school streams. Two sociological studies are used : an analysis of the French national survey Generation 2017 (Cereq) which, for the first time, follows the path of ULIS and Segpa students after their initial curriculum, and the quantitative and qualitative results of the TrajUlis research project (Iresp-CNSA, 2020-2024) on the educational orientation of Ulis supported students after secondary school in three school regions.Regroupant à cette heure 26,7% des collégiens et des lycéens en situation de handicap, les effectifs scolarisés en Ulis (Unités localisées pour l’inclusion scolaire) du secondaire sont passés de moins de 6 000 élèves à la veille de la loi de 2005 à plus de 57 000 élèves en 2022 (RERS 2023). Nous montrerons d’abord que cette population est issue d’un segment des classes populaires moins défavorisé que celle des Sections d’enseignement adapté (Segpa), mais qu’elle connaît une insertion économique plus fragile et qu’elle est donc plus exposée au risque de pauvreté matérielle. Cependant, tous les établissements scolaires ne mettent pas en œuvre à l’égard de ces élèves une orientation scolaire qui les rendent vulnérables à ce risque. Dans un second temps, nous mettrons ainsi en perspective différents contextes socio-scolaires pour la même catégorie de « troubles des fonctions cognitives » (80% des effectifs Ulis) : certains collèges assignent moins que d’autres ces jeunes à des filières scolaires reléguées, de faible employabilité. Deux enquêtes seront mobilisées : l’analyse de l’enquête nationale Génération 2017 (Cereq) identifiant pour la première fois les sortant.es de 3ème Ulis/Segpa dans leur trajectoire post-formation initiale, ainsi que les résultats qualitatifs de la recherche TrajUlis (Iresp-CNSA, 2020-2024) portant sur l’orientation scolaire post-troisième des élèves accompagnés par une Ulis dans trois académies