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Effets de la formulation et des technologies de séchage sur les propriétés des poudres probiotiques
No full textInternational audienceSpray and freeze-drying processes for production of the probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae from different formulations were investigated. The impact of formulation ingredients on the properties of the powders was studied by adding protective agents currently used (trehalose, maltodextrin, gum arabic) combined with a modified chitosan (chitosan@DOTAGA). An experimental design and triangular response surface were used to evaluate the effects of the mixtures on the responses in term of yield of process, survival ratio and moisture content for powders formulated. Concerning process comparison, freeze-drying leads to better results in terms of dry matter and yield than atomization, but cell viability of freeze-dried powder is lower after 2 months of storage. In terms of formulation, the addition of chitosan reduces process yield but improves powder stability.Ce travail porte sur l’étude des procédés de séchage par atomisation et par lyophilisation pour la production de poudres de probiotique Saccharomyces cerevisiae à partir de différentes formulations liquides. L’influence des ingrédients de la formulation sur les propriétés des poudres a été quantifiée en combinant des agents protecteurs couramment utilisés (tréhalose, maltodextrine, gomme arabique) à un chitosane modifié (chitosane@DOTAGA). Un plan d’expérience et des surfaces de réponse triangulaire ont été utilisés pour évaluer les effets des mélanges sur les réponses en rendement de procédé de séchage, en taux de survie des levures et en teneur en eau des poudres formulées. En ce qui concerne la comparaison des procédés, la lyophilisation donne de meilleurs résultats que l’atomisation en terme de matière sèche des poudres et en rendement, mais la viabilité cellulaire de la poudre lyophilisée est plus faible après 2 mois de stockage. En termes de formulation, l’ajout de chitosane réduit le rendement du procédé mais améliore significativement la stabilité de la poudre
Roman colonies in the Near East
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter traces the history of Roman colonization in the Near East (including Mesopotamia) from its origins, in the city of Berytus under Augustus, to its latest reminiscences in the Christian empire of Byzantium and beyond. After the classic studies by Fergus Millar (1990) and Maurice Sartre (2001), the collection of available data can take advantage of the progress of epigraphy and numismatics in the Near East. The updating of their interpretation can build on the most recent historical work on the Roman colonies that flourished in the Hellenized part of the empire. The focus is placed on the major changes introduced by the establishment (or deductio) of Roman citizens on the territories of pre-existing communities. Special attention is also paid to the integration of the coloniae into their Greek and Semitic cultural environment
Dual enhancement of dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals, crystallization performance, flexibility and barrier properties through polyethylene glycol coating in melt-processed poly(L-lactide)-based nanocomposites
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Nonlinear shear and elongational rheology study of MWCNTs enclosed multilayer systems
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Differences and Interplay between serendipitous and theory-driven discoveries in treating disorders of consciousness
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Odor-evoked respiratory responses throughout development in sighted and blind mice
No full textCongenital blindness affects olfactory function depending on developmental stage. However, when studying the ontogeny of olfactory abilities, not all behaviors are expressed at every age making the longitudinal comparisons difficult. Odor-evoked respiratory responses, which are unlearned and do not require complex motor coordination, may serve as sensitive measures of olfactory abilities throughout ontogeny. Using a non-invasive measure of respiration in an olfactory perceptual paradigm, we assessed odor-evoked respiratory responses in a model of congenital blindness at 3 ages, infant, juvenile and adult, in the same mice and in both males and females. We demonstrated the differential outcome of two respiratory parameters (i.e. frequency and amplitude) in a mouse model of congenital blindness. We showed that blind mice have similar olfactory abilities than sighted mice throughout ontogeny but display enhanced sniffing frequency and amplitude, starting at the juvenile age for the latter one, that may help them better explore their environment. We also demonstrated that respiratory frequency is a robust index of age and of olfactory detection, habituation and discrimination at all ages. On the other side, respiratory amplitude does not provide a proxy of olfactory performance at all ages, however, it does highlight differences between sexes and phenotypes associated with visual deprivation. To conclude, our data highlight that respiratory parameters can be used as a complementary approach to assess olfactory performance throughout development and provide an index of olfactory plasticity
Central simple algebras, Milnor K-theory and homogeneous spaces over complete discretely valued fields of dimension 2
No full textLet K be a complete discretely valued field with residue field K of dimension 1 (not necessarily perfect). This occurs if and only if K has dimension 2. We prove the following statements on the arithmetic of such fields: The "period equals index" property holds for central simple K-algebras.For every prime p, every class in the Milnor K-theory modulo p is represented by a symbol.Serre's Conjecture II holds for the field K. That is, for every semisimple and simply connected K-group G, the set H1(K, G) is trivial
Do Neurochemicals Reflect Psychophysiological Dimensions in Behaviors? A Transdisciplinary Perspective Based on Analogy with Maslow’s Needs Pyramid
No full textInternational audienceAll behaviors, including motivated behaviors, result from integration of information in the brain via nerve impulses, with two main means of communication: electrical gap-junctions and chemical signaling. The latter enables information transfer between brain cells through release of biochemical messengers, such as neurotransmitters. Neurochemical studies generate plentiful biochemical data, with many variables per individual, since there are many methods to quantify neurotransmitters, precursors and metabolites. The number of variables can be far higher using other concomitant techniques to monitor behavioral parameters on the same subject of study. Surprisingly, while many quantitative variables are obtained, data analysis and discussion focus on just a few or only on the neurotransmitter known to be involved in the behavior, and the other biochemical data are, at best, regarded as less important for scientific interpretation. The present article aims to provide novel transdisciplinary arguments that all neurochemical data can be regarded as items of psychophysiological dimensions, just as questionnaire items identify modified behaviors or disorders using latent classes. A first proof of concept on non-motivated and motivated behaviors using a multivariate data-mining approach is presented
Mitochondria dysfunction, a potential cytoprotection target against ischemia-reperfusion injury in a mouse stroke model
No full textInternational audienceMore than 50 % of patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for ischemic stroke have a poor functional outcome despite timely and successful angiographic reperfusion, highlighting the need for adjunctive treatments to reperfusion therapy. Mitochondria are key regulators of cell fate, by controlling cell bioenergetics via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and cell death through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Whether these two main mitochondrial functions are altered by reperfusion and could represent a new cytoprotective approach remains to be elucidated in mice. Swiss male mice underwent either permanent or transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO or tMCAO), with neuroscore evaluation and multimodal imaging. The area at risk of necrosis was evaluated by per-occlusion dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Final infarct size was assessed at day 1 by MRI. Cortical mitochondrial isolation was subsequently performed to assess mPTP sensitivity by calcium retention capacity (CRC) and OXPHOS. A cytoprotective treatment targeting mitochondria, ciclosporine A (CsA), was tested in tMCAO, to mimick the clinical situation of patients treated with MT. Reperfusion after 60 min of ischemia improves neuroscores but does not significantly reduce infarct size or mitochondrial dysfunction compared to permanent ischemia. CsA treatment at reperfusion mitigates stroke outcome, decreases final infarct size and improves mitochondrial CRC and OXPHOS. Mitochondrial dysfunctions, i.e. reduced mPTP sensitivity and decreased oxygen consumption rates, were observed in pMCAO and tMCAO regardless of the reperfusion status. CsA improved mitochondrial functions when injected at reperfusion. These suggest that both mPTP opening and OXPHOS alterations are thus early but reversible hallmarks of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion