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Champignons mycorhiziens fournisseurs de carbone chez les orchidées prairiales adultes en France ?
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Acceptability and effect on food choices of incentives promoting more sustainable diets among low-income consumers: A qualitative study
No full textInternational audienceIn the context of rising food costs, low-income consumers are likely to lack financial access to a sustainable diet primarily composed of healthy plant-based food. To promote a change towards more sustainable food habits, vouchers for fruit, vegetables and legumes redeemable in supermarkets have been experimented in the urban area of Dijon (France). The objective of the study was to explore the acceptability of the intervention and the effects of the vouchers on food choices through participants' perceptions. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-seven participants, three months after the end of the intervention. The transcripts were analysed through inductive then deductive content analysis, following a process evaluation framework with two themes related to the implementation and the mechanisms of impact of the intervention. Implementation issues and feelings of discrimination were mentioned, but satisfaction was high and vouchers were considered to improve the financial situation, although the restriction on the targeted products was not always understood. Regarding the mechanisms of impact, during the intervention period, two third of the participants, especially families with young children, attached greater importance to taste and curiosity for unfamiliar food and lesser importance to price. Vouchers thus led to food purchases of higher diversity and higher enjoyment. Other participants did not change their habits, mostly because of an improper use of the vouchers or the absence of motivation for a dietary change. These findings suggest that financial incentives not only increase access to sustainable food, but also influence food choice processes and contribute to greater acceptability of plant-based food in low-income families. The results call for financial incentives to be considered as an opportunity to support changes in dietary behaviour in low-income populations
Le dessin d’enfant à l’épreuve du réalisme : une étude des discours artistique et éducatif russes et soviétiques, 1901-1934
No full textInternational audienceThis article looks at how Russian and Soviet art and education specialists have approached the complex issue of defining realism in children’s drawing. The aim is to present the various ideas expressed from the end of Imperial Russia to the beginning of the Soviet era, and to situate them in their national and European artistic and educational context. We thus distinguish four periods: the years 1901-1921, which saw the promotion of the impressionist child figure; the 1920s, during which realism was considered in relation to the child’s stages of development; the “great turning point”, corresponding to the politicization of the approach to children’s drawing; and, finally, the mid-1930s, the time of the promotion of the realistic child figure, concomitant with the emergence of socialist realism.Le présent article s’intéresse à la manière dont les spécialistes d’art et de pédagogie russes et soviétiques ont abordé la question complexe de la définition du réalisme du dessin d’enfant. Il s’agit de présenter les différentes réflexions qui se sont exprimées de la fin de la Russie impériale au début de l’ère soviétique, et de les situer dans leur contexte artistique et éducatif national et européen. Nous distinguons ainsi quatre périodes : les années 1901-1921, qui voient la promotion de la figure de l’enfant impressionniste ; les années 1920, durant lesquelles le réalisme est envisagé par rapport aux stades de développement de l’enfant ; le « grand tournant », qui correspond à la politisation de l’approche du dessin d’enfant ; et, enfin, le milieu des années 1930, moment de la promotion de la figure de l’enfant réaliste, concomitante de l’apparition du réalisme socialiste
Topology Optimization of Biomedical Wrist Orthosis Using Tough Photopolymer Resin
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents a study case on the structural topology optimization of biomedical wrist orthosis. The manufacturing process integrates photosensitive resign that enables production of geometries that are both impact-resistant and exhibit a smooth, refined surface finishing which is essential for biomedical applications. The 3D printing is based on Digital Light Processing (DLP). Based on extensive biomechanical studies for accurate simulation parameters, four loading cases were defined for topology optimization. Maximam stresses and displacements were considered at upper limits for the optimization problem with weigh reduction
The use of ecoclimatic indices to investigate climate impact on wine grape yield at local scale
No full textInternational audienceThe impact of climate variability on wine grape yield is assessed using ecoclimatic indices tailored to the crop's specific life cycle stages during the whole growing season and specific key phenological periods. These periods are selected through a validated phenological development model that accounts for various grape varieties. The risk of crop losses due to the main cryptogamic vine diseases is also considered. This study actively involves winegrowers as yield data are provided by two Italian wine consortia, situated in Lombardia and Toscana (Italy), respectively. It considers the unique characteristics of each study region, operating at a local scale with a focus on specific grape varieties. The ecoclimatic indices are correlated with grape yield data using single and multiple regression analyses. The contribution of each ecoclimatic index to the yield formation process is evaluated and the portion of total yield variability explained by these predictors, both individually and in linear combination, is quantified. The results obtained explained 25% to 50% of yield variance and identified key ecoclimatic indices based on the region and the case considered. Recognizing the scarcity of existing literature on grapevine yield modelling, this paper presents a novel set of ecoclimatic indices, meticulously derived from the latest insights into climate's impact on grapevine development. Furthermore, the innovative methodology outlined here is designed also for application in future climate projections, enabling a comprehensive investigation of climate change and its potential ramifications on grape yield
Changes in odor perception during the menstrual cycle phases are related to odor category and perceptual characteristics
No full textInternational audienceIn humans, olfactory perception appears to be a complex and multidimensional process. Classically, intensity, hedonicity, and familiarity are the main features assessed in perceptual evaluations. Several factors are well known to modulate odor perception such as environmental context, stimulus properties, or individual characteristics. Regarding the latter, female sex hormones may play an important role in modulating odor perception. In this context, few studies have investigated whether odor perception might change during the menstrual cycle in relation to odor category and perceptual features. The aim of the present study was to compare the follicular and luteal phases in women on and off oral contraceptives for the three main characteristics of odor perception (intensity, hedonicity, and familiarity) and for different odor categories (fruit, vegetable, and environmental odors). Results showed that all odors were perceived as more intense during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase. Hedonic ratings showed differences in responses to odor categories: Fruit odors were perceived as more pleasant during the luteal phase, while vegetable odors were perceived as more unpleasant. Familiarity ratings increased during the luteal phase for two of the three odor categories (i.e., fruit and environmental odors). Comparisons between women using hormonal contraceptives (in both phases of the cycle) and those not using hormonal contraceptives revealed no significant differences in any of the dimensions assessed or in any of the odor categories. These findings are discussed in relation to the putative role of sex hormones in olfactory perception
The Issue of Boredom in Heidegger's Thought: Does Arabic Give German the Key to Metaphysics?
No full textInternational audienceتتناول هذه الدراسة مصطلح (الضجر) Langeweile عند هايدغر، كما يظهر بالتحديد في درس 1929-1930 التصوّرات الأساسيّة للميتافيزيقا. المنهج المتّبع تحليلي-أنطولوجي. هي تسعى أوّلاً إلى ترجمة المصطلح إلى اللغة العربيّة بشكلٍ مناسب. ولكنّها ما إن تدخل في تنوّع دلالته، حتّى ترى أنّ كلمة واحدة لا تكفي لترجمته بشكلٍ دقيق. ما يبدو في بداية الأمر، لدى قراءة النص الألماني، تحديداً لمصطلح واحدٍ، يظهر تدريجيّاً، بعد قراءاتٍ متعدّدة، على أنّه بحث يمكنه أن يصل إلى وضوحٍ أو تجلّي أفضل، إذا ما أمكن إيجاد أو اكتشاف ثلاثة مصطلحات يناسب كلّ منها معنى من معاني (الضجر) الثلاث. بمعنى آخَر، تصبح اللغة العربيّة، بعد بحثٍ جاهدٍ في دلالاتها، مصدراً لتحديدٍ أكبر لما سعى هايدغر للتعبير عنه. تضحى العربيّة عندها ما أسميّه "مفتاح الألمانيّة"، بمعنى أنّها تعطي مفتاح المصطلح الألمانيّ، فيظهر تنوّعه النوعيّ وجهاته المختلفة بالأخصّ، متجاوزةً الدرجات الكمّيّة. ما كان سعياً إلى إيجاد توافق تام أو مقبول على الأقلّ بين الكلمة الألمانيّة وكلمة عربيّة مناسبة، يتحوّل إلى لغةٍ – العربيّة – تعطي حقيقة مصطلح لغةٍ أخرى، هي ليست الألمانيّة فقط بل ألمانيّة هايدغر المتجاوزة للغة الميتافيزيقا. ويكون في نهاية المطاف هذا المقال درساً مزدوجاً، في "انتقال" الكلام الفلسفيّ ودخوله في حضن لغة الترجمة، من ناحية، وفي إمكان تجديد القول العربيّ الفلسفيّ لكي يتجاوز عصره ويذهب إلى الأمام مبتكراً مصطلحاتٍ وأفكارٍ جديدة ومجدِّدة، من ناحية أخرى.This study deals with the Heideggerian concept of boredom, “Langeweile”, as it appears specifically in the 1929-1930 course, The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics. The method followed is analytical-ontological. The purpose here was first to translate the said concept into Arabic in the right way. However, as soon as the study got into the multifarious aspects of Langeweile’s meanings, we discovered that one Arabic word might not suffice to accurately translate the Heideggerian term. What seemed, at first glance, at a first perusal of the text, to be a definition of one term, gradually appeared, after several readings, as a kind of search which could bring better precision and clarity, if it were able to help us bring out three separate terms, to describe three separate types of Langeweile. In other words, Arabic becomes, after a thorough investigation into terms it may offer, a source of more precise definition for what Heidegger was trying to express. Arabic reveals itself then as what I call here “the key to German”, in that it gives the German term the key which unlocks it and unveils its qualitative variety and especially its several modes, beyond quantitative degrees. What was an endeavour to find a perfect or acceptable correspondence between a German term and an Arabic one, becomes here the work of one language – Arabic – which is able to give the philosophical truth of a philosophical term from another, which is not German as such, but Heidegger’s German, in its overcoming of the language of metaphysics. Finally, this article carries two lessons for us: One on how the philosophical wording and saying are “trans-lated” from one language into the heart of another, i.e., Arabic, and one concerning the proven ability to renew the philosophical vocabulary in Arabic, in such a way as to go beyond our current era and transform the future by inventing newer and innovative philosophical terms and thoughts
Integrated mid-infrared broadband frequency conversion and evanescent sensing on a multimode chalcogenide rod platform
No full textInternational audiencePost-processing and functionalization of optical fibers with engineered properties, as well as multifiber assembly, have been the subject of intensive studies over the past few decades, to provide, for instance, unprecedented signal processing and sensing tools for a variety of applications. However, combining distinct optical functions such as nonlinear pulse processing and linear sensing on a single fiber segment has still remained an elusive challenge in the mid-infrared spectral region. Here, we report the development of very short multi-tapered chalcogenide rods to enable the dual function of supercontinuum generation and evanescent wave sensing in the mid-infrared spectral region. On the one hand, we demonstrate the generation of an ultrabroadband light spectrum ranging from 1.9 to 16 µm with significant average power in 5 cm long tapered multimode Te-As-Se rods pumped by a femtosecond mid-infrared pump laser. On the other hand, we show that a second coiled taper can also be shaped after the broadband frequency conversion and serve as an efficient compact sensing head to collect mid-infrared signatures of alcoholic solutions. Our work represents what we believe to be a new step toward the development of compact fiber devices for mid-infrared sensing technologies
