Journal of Applied Materials and Technology
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Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Fermentation Reactions in Bioethanol Fermentor: A Review
Get PDFBioethanol is a renewable energy source that can replace fossil fuels. The advantages in terms of economy and its impact on the environment make bioethanol was chosen as a biofuel. Bioethanol can be produced from various types of biomasses with the help of microorganisms, namely yeast, for the fermentation process. In manufacturing, factors including temperature, concentration, pH, fermentation time, and stirring speed influence the fermentation process. Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) package can be applied to observe the procedures in a fermenter. CFD simulates fluid movement, energy transport, chemical reactions, and other phenomena with the aim of clarifying their impact on the overall effectiveness of bioethanol production. In this journal, a review of the fermentation process with CFD modeling was made to look at the parameters and phenomena during the bioethanol production process. The analysis commences with an examination of the processes involved in bioethanol production and underscores the crucial role of fermentation in transforming renewable resources into bioethanol. Subsequently, it delves into the foundational principles of CFD and how they are incorporated into the modeling of bioethanol fermenters. Furthermore, the review highlights key advancements and innovations in CFD modeling techniques, such as multiphase models, turbulence modeling, and coupled simulations, aiming to capture the intricate interplay of physical and biological phenomena within fermentors. Insights into the impact of operating conditions, reactor design, and microbial behavior on bioethanol yield and quality are discussed, providing a comprehensive understanding of the complex system dynamics
Evaluation of Airborne Lead Pollution and Its Association with Children's Urinary Lead Levels
Get PDFDespite the measures taken by most countries, lead pollution still poses an environmental and health risk to humans, especially children. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate lead in the air and its impact on children's health. Lead samples from the air and children's urine were collected from three different areas within Kerbala Governorate: the urban city center residential areas, and rural areas as a reference area for comparison. A suspended dust collector was used to collect lead samples, and then the lead concentration was measured using an atomic spectrometer after digesting them with acids. The results of the study showed that the highest concentration of lead was in the center of the urban area (3.150 ?g/m3) and its mean concentration in the air was 1.703 (?g/m3), which is higher than the US Environmental Protection Agency limits, with statistically significant differences between the study areas p < 0.01. The mean concentration of lead in children's urine was 0.622 (?g/dL) with statistically significant differences between the areas p < 0.01. Pearson's correlation coefficient indicated a significant positive correlation between the concentration of lead in the air and children's urine (r = 0.651; p < 0.05). This means that high lead concentrations in children's urine are due to lead air pollution and are an indicator of lead pollution in the environment and warn of potential risks to children's health. Therefore, the study recommends reducing lead emission sources and conducting periodic examinations
Exploring The Potentials and Drawbacks of Hysteresis Current Controller For SRM: A Case Study Of Wind Energy Conversion System
Get PDFSwitched Reluctance Machines (SRMs) have drawn interest in renewable energy systems because of their special qualities and applicability. This study examines the idea of hysteresis current regulation in a wind energy conversion system with a Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG). The system is modeled in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The model is simulated and analyzed to ascertain the system’s benefits and shortcomings, focusing on reducing torque ripples in SRG. Considering most classical controllers are complicated to construct, the hysteresis current control is straightforward and effective. However, this controller's two primary shortcomings are that it produces a variable switching frequency and increases current ripples at a steady state, both enhancing acoustic noise in SRM. Lastly, the report suggests that improving controller performance should be the primary emphasis of future research in this field
Failure Evaluation of Thermal Spray Coating Using High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) on Steam Turbine Shaft 940-PT 2 A/B
Get PDFThe repair of worn steel shaft surfaces in power transmission systems is made possible by thermal spray procedures, which have become an essential technology in many sectors. With this novel approach, worn shaft components may be recycled effectively since an API 687-compliant wear-resistant coating designed for specialty rotating equipment repairs is applied. The process's efficacy stems from its capacity to extend the functional life of essential mechanical components, therefore decreasing replacement expenses and downtime. The variety of factors that affect the result highlights the intricacy of thermal spray techniques. Finding the ideal mix of these crucial process variables becomes essential to provide the required degree of wear resistance. The coated shafts perform better as a result of this careful tuning, which also guarantees dependability under challenging working conditions. The coated shafts' surface hardness data in this investigation showed that the initial coating hardness value was below the predetermined goals. Several parts that interact with the shaft were redesigned strategically in response to these discoveries. These adjustments were mainly motivated by economic considerations, to optimize effectiveness while resolving the noted hardness deficiencies. Furthermore, a thorough analysis of failure data showed important correlations between different operational parameters and how they interacted, offering a further understanding of how these factors affected wear resistance. This research allowed for the identification of crucial parameters that required change and emphasized the precise balance essential for optimum thermal spray application. All things considered, this study emphasizes how critical it is to use a methodical approach to improve thermal spray processes, guarantee successful shaft component restoration, and ultimately increase the operational longevity of such components in challenging applications
Metal-Free Activated Carbon Catalytic for Degradation of Organic Contaminants by Peroxydisulfate Activation
Get PDFGreen chemistry has become trending recently, and the discovery of environmentally friendly catalysts is mandatory. Activated carbons (ACs) are one of the most environmentally friendly yet cheap materials that have the potential for catalyst application. Three commercially available ACs from Pancasari, Norit, and Chemical Supply were used as metal-free catalysts for advanced oxidation process (AOP) phenol removal in water in the presence of oxidants peroxydisulfate (PDS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). It was found that ACs were effective to be used as catalysts for activating those oxidants to oxidize phenol in AOP reactions. In this study, the surface area of the catalyst significantly improved the phenol removal efficiency. ACs Pancasari (ACP) with the highest surface area has the best degradation performance of phenol removal with up to 99% removal efficiency in 60 minutes under the condition of [phenol] = 30 mg L-1, [ACP] = 0.2 g L-1, [PDS] = 3.3 mmol L-1, and T = 25oC. it was also found that the degradation process was significantly influenced by reaction temperature. Nevertheless, in this study, ACs display the potential as catalysts in the AOP process for wastewater treatments
Design and Fabrication of a Mini Refrigerator Using a Peltier Thermoelectric Module
Get PDFA mini thermoelectric Peltier Refrigerator was designed and built in this study. The Peltier thermoelectric cell was attached in between an external heat sink and internal radiator that acted to remove heat from the internal space of refrigeration box to be conducted and removed to the ambient. To ensure the success of this study several criterions are to be satisfied such as portability, size and cost of the system. The design of the system is based on the principles of thermoelectric module (i.e. Peltier effect) to create a hot side and a cold side. Thermoelectric refrigeration work on the principle of see beck effect in which the voltage is applied between two different combinations of metal and due to effect of see beck the cooling and heating phenomena happens which can be used accordingly for different purposes. The cold side of the thermoelectric module is used for refrigeration purposes; provide cooling to the vaccine chamber. On the other hand, the heat from the hot side of the module is rejected to the surroundings with the help of a heat sink and fan assembly
Hydrocarbon-Impacted Soils Supported Mn for Organic Pollutant Oxidation
Get PDFHydrocarbon-impeded soil (HIS) is solid waste from spills or leaks during industrial activities that negatively impact the environment. This study aims to utilize HIS as catalyst support on MnO2 to degrade RhB (RhB) solution using Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and to determine the optimum conditions for the catalyst to degrade RhB. The catalyst was synthesized by reacting HIS, calcined with KMnO4 with various catalyst supports with high and low Total contain Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH). The process degradation of Rhodamine Solution was carried out with various catalysts, PMS, and RhB concentrations. The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen gas adsorption-desorption (BET), and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Disperse Spectroscope (SEM-EDX). In this study, the best catalyst performance was MnO2@H-TPH, which could activate PMS to degrade RhB with dye removal of 98% in about 180 min, at conditions 10 g/L RhB, 0.1 g/L catalyst, and 3 g/L PMS with the activation energy of 16.3 kJ/mol
Removal of Microplastics and Performance of a Developed Ceramic Filter
Get PDFThe consumption of microplastics can have harmful effects. To effectively remove microplastics from water using an affordable device, this study developed a ceramic filter based on clay and waste glass. The research evaluated the addition of a porogenic agent and the effects of firing temperature. In the formulations, clay was substituted by a porogenic agent with 10 and 20 by weight, maintaining 10 by weight of waste glass. Ceramic filters were produced by molding press, and evaluated for their physical properties. Its performance was assessed by water permeability at different pressures, leaching of elements, and removal of microplastics. As a result, formulations with a higher porogenic agent content and lower firing temperature present superior permeability, however, permeability increases after higher pressure tests, when structure fracture may occur. Moreover, the formulation with the lowest porosity (without adding a porogenic agent) achieved an impressive removal rate of nearly 99.8%. It was concluded that a ceramic filter could retain microplastics well, as long as the filtration pressure and porosity were optimized to obtain the best results – higher filtration without fracture
Performance Evaluation of Chemically Modified Rice Husk as an Adsorbent for the Treatment of Oil Seed Industrial Effluent
Get PDFThe generation of oilseed wastewater is a matter of worry due to the presence of impurities that could have effects on ecosystems and human health. This study explores the potential use of rice husk chemically modified with 1M NaOH as an adsorbent to treat wastewater from Sunseed Nigeria Limited in Zaria, Nigeria. The adsorbent was characterized employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which revealed the presence of carboxylic acid, alkanes, alkynes, and amide. Correspondingly, batch adsorption tests were conducted for a fixed period of 1 hour by using dosages of 2, 4, 8, 16, and 20 g. The findings indicated that the turbidity, BOD, and COD had the highest percentage of removal at dosages of 2 g, 20 g, and 2 g, respectively, with removal percentages of 81.48 %, 81.3 %, and 85 %. Also, lead and cadmium had removal percentages of 17.5% and 87.6%, respectively, at a dosage of 20 g. Furthermore, the Langmuir isotherm offered a greater fit for turbidity and total solids, with R2 values of 0.5355 and 0.8870, respectively, with the resultant absorption capacities of 0.0074 mg/g and 0.0249 mg/g. Similarly, the Freundlich isotherm described the BOD and COD well, with R2 of 0.6097 and 0.9678, respectively, and relative adsorption capacities of 1.3104 mg/g and 4.808*106 mg/g. Therefore, it can be concluded that the rice husk adsorbent has demonstrated effectiveness in removing certain physicochemical pollutants from oilseed industrial wastewater
Development of Cork-Bamboo-Latex as An Alternative Composite for Bottles Stoppers
Get PDFAgglomerated cork composites production has been arising as an alternative eco-friendly to cork stoppers use and attracts interest to create sustainable products and materials. A cork-bamboo-latex composite was developed by compression-molding and the interaction between three composite interfaces as well as their mechanical properties were evaluated by density measure, immersion test, FTIR, compression test, and microbial analysis aiming to produce an alternative material to wine closures. The results obtained were compared between the composite produced and the commercial agglomerated cork stoppers. It was possible to observe that the cork-bamboo-latex composite produced exhibited a good adhesion of all components and similar characteristics. However, it presented a slight increase in the density (from 0.37 g/cm3 to 0.65 g/cm3) and Young's modulus (from 0.033 MPa to 0.037 MPa) producing a stiffer material mainly due to bamboo presence. The migration of the stopper components (cork, bamboo, or latex) for the wine was not detected, as well as there was no visible interaction between wine and composite. In this work, the cork-bamboo-latex stopper fabricated presents a potential application as an alternative material to wine stoppers and stimulates the production of a sustainable material