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Dancing marbles in a soap film
No full textInternational audienceTwo millimeter-sized particles deposited in a large horizontal soap film are attracted towards each other. Due to the very low friction at the surface of the soap film, the particles can exhibit a complex trajectory, and appear to dance together for about ten seconds before colliding. We give here a short overview of the topic and its perspectives
From the grey area of pre-systemic sclerosis to very early disease and irreversible tissue damage: the challenge of defining at-risk patients for future preventive trials in systemic sclerosis
No full textInternational audienceThis viewpoint aims to explore whether precondition trials could be applied in systemic sclerosis (SSc)-the systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (SARD) associated with the highest mortality and substantial morbidity. In contrast to type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), where predisease states have been more clearly defined, a consensus definition for pre-SSc is still lacking. A consensus framework for patients with signs and symptoms also common to other SARDs/connective tissue diseases, but that potentially identify a patient at a pre-SSc stage, needs to be collectively drafted. Such a framework would provide the basis for earlier recognition, risk stratification, and ultimately, timely intervention in pre-SSc. Considering the paradigm shift already achieved in type 1 diabetes and RA, a similar strategy targeting patients at risk of SSc could foster the development of innovative approaches to SSc management-preventing the onset of key SSc-related signs and symptoms, promoting long-term remission, and reducing SSc-related morbidity and mortality
Conception d’un Système Tutoriel Intelligent basé sur l’interprétation à la volée de croquis manuscrits semi-structurés
No full textThis PhD thesis focuses on the conception of an Intelligent Tutoring System (STI), IntuiSketch, which supports learning by drawing using pen-based tablets. The system combines on-the-fly recognition of semi-structured sketches with real-time feedback generation to help students acquire scientific concepts through drawing. The application domain chosen during the thesis is anatomy sketches. The proposed architecture is based on two engines: a recognition engine, based on the CD-CMG formalism, extended by the use of fuzzy logic and a classifier, and a supervision engine based on a knowledge graph integrating the entities drawn by the teacher, the structural constraints connecting them and the planned educational sequence. The system operates in two modes: an author mode, enabling teachers to create exercises, and a student mode, enabling students to complete these exercises and receive real-time assistance.Cette thèse porte sur la conception d’un Système Tutoriel Intelligent (STI) «IntuiSketch » dédié à l’apprentissage par le dessin, réalisé sur tablettes stylet. S’inscrivant dans une perspective de soutien aux étudiants pour l’acquisition de notions scientifiques par la génération de dessin, ce système combine reconnaissance à la volée de croquis semi-structurés et génération de feedbacks en temps réel. Le domaine applicatif privilégié pendant la thèse concerne les dessins d’anatomie. L’architecture proposée repose sur deux moteurs : un moteur de reconnaissance, fondé sur le formalisme de grammaire à contraintes CD-CMG, enrichi par l’utilisation de la logique floue et d’un classifieur, et un moteur de supervision reposant sur un graphe de connaissances intégrant les entités dessinées par l’enseignant, les contraintes structurelles qui les relient et la séquence pédagogique planifiée. Le système fonctionne selon deux modes : un mode auteur, permettant aux enseignants de créer des exercices et un mode étudiant, permettant aux étudiants de réaliser ces exercices et de recevoir un accompagnement en temps rée
Accelerating recruitment in clinical trials: A strategic challenge
No full textInternational audienceClinical research provides an important gateway to therapeutic innovation and, in many cases, national participation in trials can facilitate the future availability of new treatments in the country concerned. Clinical research activity in general is declining in France, especially in terms of industry-led trials; the only exception being early-phase cancer trials. There is an urgent need to boost the level of French participation in major international trials, although this will require a marked improvement in recruitment performance. Although the many factors contributing to the mediocre performance of France merit discussion, the overriding necessity is to bring forward solutions for increasing the level of participation in clinical trials going forward. It is against this background that we propose these recommendations for facilitating and increasing overall enrolment. There are a number of potential ways in which improvements could be achieved, beginning with identifying eligible patients and offering them the opportunity to take part in clinical trials, either through greater engagement by healthcare professionals or the development of decentralised trials. Other opportunities include optimising territorial coverage through inter-hospital networks or clinical trials centre networks, strengthening and improving clinical trials centre organisational structures by introducing AI-driven patient pre-screening tools, and lastly reprofiling some of the roles involved in clinical research and the provision of associated training. While some of these recommendations require regulatory changes, the majority could be implemented immediately, and would provide a rapid response to this major strategic challenge
Global leadership initiative on malnutrition-based nutritional phenotype and factors associated with the outcomes of hospitalized patients managed by a nutrition support team: A retrospective study
No full textInternational audienceBACKGROUND AND AIMS: What are the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria leading to the diagnosis of malnutrition at hospital, specifically in diabetic patients, is not well known. The factors associated with the clinical outcomes of nutritionally at-risk hospitalized patients have been scarcely investigated. AIMS: To characterize the GLIM-based nutritional phenotype of hospitalized patients managed by a Nutrition Support Teams (NST) (primary), and to compare the GLIM malnutrition diagnostic criteria between diabetic and non-diabetic patients (secondary); to identify the factors associated with hospital readmission one month after discharge and one-month mortality (secondary). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study including all the consecutive adult patients managed by the NST of a tertiary university hospital. The exclusion criteria were age under 18 yr and absence of assessment of body composition by bioimpedance analysis (BIA). Malnutrition was diagnosed according to the GLIM criteria: the etiologic criterion was the hospitalization for an acute or chronic disease, and three phenotypic criteria were: low body mass index (BMI), weight loss, and/or low fat-free mass index (FFMI) derived from BIA. Food intake was assessed by the Simple Evaluation of Food Intake® (SEFI®). Handgrip strength was measured using a dynamometer. Hospital readmission and death one month after discharge were collected from the electronic medical records (EMR). Multivariable logistic regression analyses using a stepwise top-down selection identified factors associated with one-month hospital readmission and mortality. RESULTS: 231 patients were included: 43 % of females, age (mean ± SD), 62.2 ± 15.9 yr, BMI, 23.5 ± 6.4, 73.6 % (170/231) were malnourished, of whom 66.5 % (113/170) had severe malnutrition, and 20.3 % (47/231) had diabetes. Malnutrition was diagnosed according to the three phenotypic criteria in 59/170 patients (34.7 %), two in 56/170 patients (33.1 %), and only one in 54/170 patients (31.8 %). The diabetic patients were less likely to have a low FFMI (29.8 % (14/47) vs 60.9 % (109/179), P < 0.001) or be malnourished (61.7 % (29/47) vs 76.6 % (141/184), P = 0.04), but more likely to have a low handgrip strength (64.3 % (27/42) vs 45.6 % (68/149), P = 0.03) than non-diabetic patients. Multivariable analyses showed that cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 2.51 [1.17-5.37], P = 0.02) and SEFI® score (OR = 0.89 [95 % confidence interval, 0.79-0.99], P = 0.04) were associated with higher risk of hospital readmission, whereas weight loss (OR = 3.20 [1.26-8.17], P = 0.01) and diabetes (OR = 2.76 [1.10-6.91], P = 0.03) were associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: One third of patients were diagnosed malnutrition with one phenotypic criterion, suggesting that all the GLIM phenotypic criteria should be used to ensure the diagnosis of malnutrition. The diabetic patients had higher FFMI and lower handgrip strength than non-diabetic patients. In patients managed by NST, low food intake and cancer are associated with hospital readmission, while diabetes and weight loss with early mortality
Situating Memory in Place and Time: The ArchaeoLore Group
No full textInternational audienceThe ArchaeoLore Group employs an interdisciplinary approach to examine the relationship between archaeology, landscape, toponymy, and social memory. The group aims to understand how places are constructed, perceived, and reinterpreted over time. Based on the premise that landscapes are not only physical spaces but also repositories of memories, practices, and narratives, this network integrates methodologies from archaeology, landscape studies, GIS, toponymic linguistics, folkloristics, oral tradition, and ethnography. The objective is to identify and interpret the multiple layers – both material and immaterial – that constitute the territories under analysis through surveys, documentary research, archaeological and landscape fieldwork, the collection of oral traditions, and the study of toponymy. This integration will facilitate the development of new tools to better understand the dynamics of continuity, transformation, and significance in relation to these places. The network prioritizes the involvement of local communities, promoting the dissemination of findings and enabling active participation in the preservation of cultural heritage. By integrating these diverse domains of knowledge, the ArchaeoLore Group contributes to the academic debate on incorporating social memory and oral tradition into archaeology and landscape studies. This approach reinforces the significance of intangible heritage in interpreting the past and understanding the evolution of collective identities
Usefulness of S100β protein in patients on antithrombotic drugs with mild traumatic brain injury: a prospective cohort study in an emergency department
No full textInternational audienceNo abstract availabl
Branching structures of Quina-type Mousterian: an integrated and polymorphic technological and economical strategy: Keynote presentation
No full textInternational audienc
Une occupation groupée du vie-ve s. BC (Hallstatt D) au mont Fiquet à Pont-l’Évêque (Calvados)
No full textNational audienceThe Pont-L’Évêque site, excavated in 2022, is a remarkable example of a grouped settlement, probably dating to the 6th-5th century BC (Hallstatt D). It comprises elliptical, or rectangular, apse buildings with a peripheral foundation trench. Some have superimposed plans. Smaller posthole buildings are interpreted as annexes. Several pits located nearby could be for water storage. These cisterns and the foundation trenches contained large amounts of pottery used to date the settlement. Radiocarbon dates fall on the Hallstatt plateau but their probability span was reduced using Bayesian analyses, giving a probable period of occupation between 550 and 450 BCE. Comparisons with other sites in northern France found common points with sites installed specifically in the Grand-West region (Normandy/Brittany/Pays de la Loire), as well as with the south of England.Le site de Pont-L’Évêque, fouillé en 2022, représente un exemple remarquable d’habitat groupé, vraisemblablement situé entre le vie et le ve s. BC. Ses caractéristiques sont la présence de bâtiments elliptiques ou rectangulaires à abside, à tranchée de fondation périphérique, présentant parfois plusieurs plans superposés. Des bâtiments sur poteaux, de moindre surface, ont été interprétés comme des édifices annexes associés à ces grands bâtiments sur tranchée. Plusieurs fosses installées à proximité ont été interprétées comme de possibles citernes de stockage de l’eau. Elles ont livré un mobilier céramique significatif, issu également des tranchées de fondation des bâtiments, qui permet de conforter la datation de l’ensemble de cet habitat groupé. Les datations 14C sont inscrites sur le plateau du Hallstatt, mais leur nombre élevé a permis de réduire, par le biais des analyses bayésiennes, la période probable d’occupation du site entre 550 et 450 av. n. è. Les comparaisons recherchées dans la moitié nord de la France ont permis d’établir des points communs avec des sites installés spécifiquement dans la région Grand-Ouest (Normandie, Bretagne, Pays de la Loire) et aussi quelques convergences avec le sud de l’Angleterre
The Relay of the ECtHR Jurisprudence by National Prison Administrations and Its Impacts on National Penal and Prison Policies
No full textInternational audienceThe last chapter of the book assesses the changes ordered by the ECtHR on national governments and considers the impacts of its leading judgments on the prison reform process in the some of the most influential CoE member states, such as France and Belgium found guilty of breaches of the right to life, the right to dignity and the right to appeal in pilot judgments. The main sociological and criminological literature downplays the very significant changes to prison structures induced by the European human rights law notably through pilot judgments and the specific supervision of their execution by the CoE Committee of Ministers. The main reason of this underestimation is that these changes related to the prison and judicial structures due to the partial integration of the ECtHR and domestic case law into them are quite invisible as they do not directly affect the interactions that could be observed in prison through sociological and anthropological studies and empirical inquiries. These changes could be mainly explained by certain forms of cooperation of national prison administrations with the CoE and the ECtHR and the capacity of NGOs and prisoners (see Chapter 7) in reinforcing the inverted panopticon process, and lastly by certain responses from prison administrations to limit the rise of the inverted panopticon. While these structural changes seem to be invisible from an interactional and to a certain extent from a statistical perspectives with some exceptions (with the increasing pervasiveness of legal, procedural and human rights language and culture among prisoners and detainees as part of the development of their legal awareness and social changes more generally), we argue in this chapter that they are massive and contribute to the renewal of prison structures (I), of the socio-professional profile of the prison staff (II) and of national judicial structures (III)