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Unpacking response inhibition in animals – part 1: a conceptual framework
No full textInternational audienceResponse inhibition - the ability to suppress or stop actions - is crucial for adaptive behaviour across species. The concept of response inhibition has traditionally been regarded as a unidimensional psychological ability. However, there is an increasing recognition of its multifaceted nature. In Part 1 of this study, we present a conceptual framework to explain variability across tasks and contexts. We conceptualise response inhibition as a race between a ‘go’ runner and a ‘stop’ runner, with both runners influenced by stimulus type, stimulus timing, and action type. To illustrate how task-specific factors shape response inhibition, we apply this framework to five response inhibition tasks: the stop-signal, stop-change, detour barrier, A-not-B, and thwarting tasks. Our framework highlights the need for precise methods and careful interpretation of response inhibition measures and provides a basis for nuanced investigations of response inhibition control and its ecological and evolutionary significance. In the accompanying Part 2, we use this framework to test predictions about correlations between different measures of response inhibition
Managing Credit Constraints Under Competitive Pressure From the Informal Sector
No full textInternational audienceUsing a large firm‐level dataset from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, covering 145 countries between 2006 and 2024 and comprising over 158,900 observations, we examine whether informal competition—defined as competition from informal firms—affects the credit constraints of registered firms worldwide. Estimations, based on the instrumental variable method, indicate that registered firms competing with informal firms are significantly more likely to be credit‐constrained than those that do not. This finding is highly robust. The detrimental effect of informal competition diminishes with greater managerial experience, firm age, productivity, self‐financing capacity and banking accessibility, as well as with stronger structural factors such as real GDP per capita, domestic credit to the private sector, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption. However, the effect of informal competition increases with higher income inequality and firm size. Sales, productivity and informal payments are key transmission channels
Revisiting Cu(I)‐Dppm Chemistry: Bright Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Luminescence, Anion Dependance, Mechanochromism, and Singlet Oxygen Generation of a Dinuclear Cu(I) Homoleptic Complex
No full textInternational audienceThe one‐step syntheses of highly luminescent Cu(I) dimetallic complexes are reported using Cu(I) salts and the commercially available dppm ligand. Three crystalline phases A – C , obtained either with PF 6 − ( A and B : [Cu 2 (μ 2 ‐dppm) 3 ](PF 6 ) 2 ) or TEF − ( C : [Cu 2 (μ 2 ‐dppm) 3 ](TEF) 2 ) anions, display distinct conformations and crystal packings that strongly influence photophysical properties. All phases show intense solid‐state thermally activated delayed fluorescence with room temperature quantum yields of nearly 100%. Emission energies and decay times are modulated by packing effects. Phases A and B exhibit pronounced mechanochromic luminescence upon gentle grinding, while phase C is mechanically insensitive, presumably due to its bulky and flexible counter‐anions. Density functional calculation/time‐dependent density functional calculations suggest that crystal packing impacts the structural molecular relaxation, in agreement with mechanochromic behaviors. In aerated CH 2 Cl 2 , these complexes generate singlet oxygen with quantum yield of up to 30%, highlighting their potential as photosensitizers
The damped focusing cubic wave equation on a bounded domain
No full textFor the focusing cubic wave equation on a compact Riemannian manifold of dimension , the dichotomy between global existence and blow-up for solutions starting below the energy of the ground state is known since the work of Payne and Sattinger. In the case of a damped equation, we prove that the dichotomy between global existence and blow-up still holds. In particular, the damping does not prevent blow-up. Assuming that the damping satisfies the geometric control condition, we then prove that any global solution converges to a stationary solution along a time sequence, and that global solutions below the energy of the ground state can be stabilised, adapting the proof of a similar result in the defocusing case
Development of a scalable design for biofuel production from green macroalgae hydrolysates
No full textInternational audienceThis study investigated the valorization of green macroalgae in ethanol by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The proof of concept was conducted with two green macroalgae hydrolysates, namely Ulva rigida and Chaetomorpha linum and the fermentation process was scaled-up from 250 mL and 500 mL shake flasks to a 3 L stirred-tank bioreactor. Firstly, the experiments used a synthetic medium based on algal hydrolysate, examining factors like nitrogen source, inoculum size, and salt content. After 72 h, ethanol yields were similar across the systems: 0.43 g.g -1 in the bioreactor, compared to 0.46 and 0.45 g.g -1 in 250 mL and 500 mL flasks, respectively. Secondly, fermenting green algae hydrolysate was tested, under similar conditions (without aeration and pH adjustment, with nitrogen enrichment, and 1 % v/v inoculum) resulted in an ethanol concentration of 9.05 g.L -1 , a yield of 0.44 g.g -1 , and 85.86 % efficiency. Thirdly, operating the process at larger scale was carried out on pilot scale of 77 L with Chaetomorpha linum hydrolysate. Glucose was fully consumed in 9 h, and maximum ethanol production (5.61 g.L -1 ) occurred after 11 h, with a yield of 0.52 g.g -1 which corresponds to the theoretical yield
Marine protected areas as living labs ? Lessons learned & future perspectives
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S’exprimer pour s’accorder. Appropriation des pratiques expressives de gestion de classe par les élèves dans deux écoles dites « alternatives »
No full textInternational audienceL’article évoque des pratiques de gestion de classe dites « expressives », réglant les désaccords par l’écoute des ressentis des élèves et évitant le recours à la sanction. Ces pratiques, justifiées en partie par un souci de bien-être des enfants, sont-elles pour autant accueillies favorablement par ces derniers ? Peuvent-elles susciter des résistances de leur part ? L’article explore ces questions en observant la réception des pratiques expressives de gestion de classe par des élèves âgés de 9 à 12 ans, scolarisés dans deux écoles privées hors contrat dans lesquelles ces pratiques sont particulièrement présentes. Les résultats montrent des appropriations différenciées par les enfants, entre adhésion, prise de distance critique et investissement selon des logiques propres, éloignées de celles des enseignants. Ces observations suggèrent une complexification du travail émotionnel demandé aux élèves au travers des pratiques expressives de gestion de classe
Les effets de l'autoritarisme et du néolibéralisme sur l'éducation : le cas chilien
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A Generic Neutron Analytical Spectrum and Soft-Error Rate for Nuclear Fusion Studies
No full textInternational audienceWe present an analytical model for the lethargic neutron spectrum (ϕu(E), i.e., per unit of u=ln(E)), which is specifically suited to nuclear fusion environments. The spectrum is represented as the sum of three components: (i) a stretched Maxwellian thermal component, (ii) a windowed power-law epithermal plateau and (iii) a log-normal high-energy peak. While being simple and concise, this model allows for accurate fitting to experimental data or transport calculation results, as well as easy extrapolation for different operating conditions. We present the physical basis of the model and provide guidelines for adjusting it. We also demonstrate how it can accurately reproduce neutron spectra from experiments or Monte Carlo simulations that are representative of various nuclear fusion environments. Finally, we use this model to estimate the soft-error rate (SER) for circuits operating in fusion environments, considering, in addition, analytical forms for the single-event neutron cross-section of the circuit in the thermal and high-energy domains to derive analytical or semi-analytical expressions of the SER
Large B-cell lymphoma: The LYSA pragmatic guidelines
No full textInternational audienceThe management of large B-cell lymphomas (LBCL) has undergone major changes over the last 5 years. These changes reflect the availability of new therapies (immunotherapies, cell therapies, targeted molecules), but also a better compartmentalization of the entities and their specific clinical characteristics. Numerous first-, second- and third-line therapeutic strategies are available, and each practitioner is committed to selecting the treatment that offers the best balance between efficacy and toxicity. Advances in the understanding of LBCL biology, coupled with improvements in diagnostic and monitoring tools and therapeutic approaches, have significantly enhanced patient outcomes in recent years. In this article, we present a set of pragmatic guidelines developed by the LYSA (Lymphoma Study Association) for the management of LBCL. These guidelines address key aspects of diagnosis, staging, response evaluation, and treatment, integrating the latest evidence from clinical trials, expert consensus, and real-world practice. They aim to provide clinicians with a clear, practical framework to optimize care for patients with LBCL, ensuring that the best available evidence is translated into clinical practice