International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology (IJARIT)
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Full Genome Nobecovirus Sequences From Malagasy Fruit Bats Define a Unique Evolutionary History for This Coronavirus Clade
No full textInternational audienceBats are natural reservoirs for both Alpha - and Betacoronaviruses and the hypothesized original hosts of five of seven known zoonotic coronaviruses. To date, the vast majority of bat coronavirus research has been concentrated in Asia, though coronaviruses are globally distributed; indeed, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2-related Betacoronaviruses in the subgenus Sarbecovirus have been identified circulating in Rhinolophid bats in both Africa and Europe, despite the relative dearth of surveillance in these regions. As part of a long-term study examining the dynamics of potentially zoonotic viruses in three species of endemic Madagascar fruit bat ( Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, Rousettus madagascariensis ), we carried out metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS) on urine, throat, and fecal samples obtained from wild-caught individuals. We report detection of RNA derived from Betacoronavirus subgenus Nobecovirus in fecal samples from all three species and describe full genome sequences of novel Nobecoviruses in P. rufus and R. madagascariensis . Phylogenetic analysis indicates the existence of five distinct Nobecovirus clades, one of which is defined by the highly divergent ancestral sequence reported here from P. rufus bats. Madagascar Nobecoviruses derived from P. rufus and R. madagascariensis demonstrate, respectively, Asian and African phylogeographic origins, mirroring those of their fruit bat hosts. Bootscan recombination analysis indicates significant selection has taken place in the spike, nucleocapsid, and NS7 accessory protein regions of the genome for viruses derived from both bat hosts. Madagascar offers a unique phylogeographic nexus of bats and viruses with both Asian and African phylogeographic origins, providing opportunities for unprecedented mixing of viral groups and, potentially, recombination. As fruit bats are handled and consumed widely across Madagascar for subsistence, understanding the landscape of potentially zoonotic coronavirus circulation is essential for mitigation of future zoonotic threats
La femme face à l'oubli de pilule : étude qualitative menée chez les femmes réunionnaises
No full textIntroduction: The pill is currently the most widely used contraceptive method in Reunion, but misuse of it leads to a still high rate of unwanted pregnancy and abortion under the pill despite the preventive actions that are developing. The objective of the study was to collect how the Reunionese woman managed a possible forgetfulness of the pill.Method: A qualitative study by semi-directed individual interview on 12 women aged 18 to 49 living in Reunion on the pill was carried out. The inductive analysis revealed different themes.Results: The circumstances for forgetting the pill are occupation and fatigue. The attitudes dictated by fear and guilt are: taking the forgotten pill, the morning after pill, pregnancy test, or no action, either through lack of knowledge or indifference. The consequences can be abortion or unwanted pregnancy. They are aware of their blockages to taking the pill correctly. They are the actors of their contraception and their life project despite everything. They identify and propose levers such as a change in contraception, a change in the schedule for intake, the involvement of the spouse, the alarm or the applications. Health professionals may have a place to help them improve their knowledge of how their bodies work and about contraception.Conclusion: Reunionese women do not know how to properly manage a forgotten pill. Lack of knowledge, received ideas and the subject's intimacy can explain this inappropriate behaviour. The role of the doctor is essential.Introduction : La pilule reste actuellement le moyen contraceptif le plus utilisé à La Réunion mais la mauvaise utilisation de celle-ci entraine un taux de grossesse non désirée et d'IVG sous pilule encore important malgré les actions de prévention qui se développent. L'objectif de l'étude était de recueillir comment la femme réunionnaise gérait un éventuel oubli de pilule. Méthode : Une étude qualitative par entretien individuel semi-dirigés portant sur 12 femmes de 18 à 49 ans vivant à la Réunion sous pilule a été réalisée. L'analyse inductive a permis de dégager différents thèmes.Résultats : Les circonstances d'oubli de pilule sont l'occupation et la fatigue. Les attitudes dictées par la peur et la culpabilité sont : prise du comprimé oublié, de la pilule du lendemain, test de grossesse, ou bien aucune action, soit par manque de connaissance, soit par indifférence. Les conséquences peuvent être l'IVG ou la grossesse non désirée. Elles sont conscientes de leurs blocages à la bonne prise de la pilule. Elles sont les actrices de leur contraception et de leur projet de vie malgré tout. Elles identifient et proposent des leviers comme le changement de contraception, le changement d'horaire de prise, l'implication du conjoint, l'alarme ou les applications. Les professionnels de santé peuvent avoir une place pour leur permettre d'améliorer leur connaissance sur le fonctionnement de leur corps et de la contraception.Conclusion : Les femmes réunionnaises ne savent pas gérer correctement un oubli de pilule. Le manque de connaissance, les idées reçues et l'intimité du sujet peuvent expliquer cette conduite inadaptée. Le rôle du médecin traitant est primordial
Conferencia magistral :"Del proyecto novelístico al proyecto editorial: Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera (1842- 1909). Escritos nacionales y transatlánticos"
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Spéciation et écotoxicité du Ni et Cr dans un ruisseau de tête de bassin ultramafique (Pluhuv Bor, Tchéquie)
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Multitechnique Geochronology of Intrusive and Explosive Activity on Piton des Neiges Volcano, Réunion Island
No full textInternational audienceThe construction of ocean island basaltic volcanoes consists of a succession of eruptions, intrusions, and metamorphism. These events are often temporally ill-constrained because the most widely used radiometric dating methods applicable to mafic volcanic rocks (K-Ar or 40Ar/39Ar on whole rock or groundmass) are prone to inaccuracy when applied to slowly cooled, altered, or vesicular and aphyric products. Here, we adopt a multitechnique geochronology approach (including zircon U-Pb, phlogopite 40Ar/39Ar,zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He, and zircon double-dating) to demonstrate its efficacy when applied to basaltic volcanoes. Taking the main volcano of Réunion Island (Piton des Neiges) as a case study, we establish the time of the major plutonic, metamorphic, and explosive events that had resisted previous dating attempts. We document four stages of pluton emplacement and metamorphism at 2,200–2,000 ka, 1,414 ± 8 ka, 665 ± 78 ka, and 150–110 ka, all coinciding with volcanism revival after quiescent intervals. We also date a major Plinian eruption at 188.2 ± 10.4 ka, coeval with the formation age of a large caldera, and, finally, we constrain the last eruption of Piton des Neiges to 27 ka, revising a previous estimate of 12 ka. By resolving several conundrums of Réunion's geological history, our multitechnique geochronology approach reveals that endogenous growth of a volcanic island proceeds as pulses at the beginning of renewed volcanism. We also demonstrate that crosschecking eruptions ages by diversified dating techniques is important to better assess the timing and recurrence of basaltic volcanic activity, with implications for hazard prediction
Exploration du vécu du médecin généraliste de l’utilisation de la téléconsultation durant la 1ere vague épidémique COVID-19. Région EST de La Réunion
No full textBackground : A Containment was implement in France in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 crisis. So GPs have been motivated to make teleconsultation. This study aimed to explore GPs’ experience of teleconsultation during the COVID-19 in the eastern region of La Reunion.Method : Qualitative study by semi-directed interviews of general practitioners in the eastern region of La Réunion using teleconsultation. Recording of interviews, full transcription and analysis in a phenomenological approach.Results : Eleven semi-structured interviews of private practice GPs were performed from May to December 2020. Teleconsultation has cause some frustration among physicians with difficulties in its emergency implementation and a certain obligation to practice it. They wondered about the security of data software and suffered from lack of specific training. They were especially frustrated by the lack of physical examination and the technical difficulties. Physicians are afraid of abuses and a « consumption medicine ». Teleconsultation offered a better professional protection from COVID-19, provided the continuity of care for patients with chronic diseases but it is not suitable for all of the population. Some physicians have even felt an improvement of the doctor-patient relationship in teleconsultation.Conclusion : Interviewed general practitioners wanted to continue teleconsultation. Stricter recommendations and better regulation are needed for its sustainable development.Introduction : Suite à la crise COVID-19, un confinement a été mis en place en France en mars 2020. Les médecins généralistes ont été incités à réaliser des téléconsultations. Cette étude avait pour objectif d’explorer le vécu du médecin généraliste de l’utilisation de la téléconsultation durant la COVID-19 dans la région Est de La Réunion.Méthode : étude qualitative par entretiens semi-dirigés des médecins généralistes de la région Est de La Réunion utilisant la téléconsultation. Enregistrement des entretiens, retranscription intégrale et analyse dans une approche phénoménologique.Résultats : Onze entretiens semi-dirigés avec des médecins généralistes libéraux de mai à décembre 2020 ont été réalisés La téléconsultation a provoqué une certaine frustration chez les médecins avec des difficultés à sa mise en place en urgence et une certaine obligation à la pratiquer. Ils se sont interrogés sur la sécurité des données des logiciels et ont souffert du manque de formation spécifique. Ils ont surtout été frustrés par l’absence d’examen clinique et des difficultés techniques. Les médecins ont peur des dérives et d’une « médecine de consommation ». La téléconsultation leur a offert une exposition professionnelle moindre à la COVID-19, a permis la continuité des soins chez les patients atteints de maladies chroniques mais n’est pas adaptée à toute la population. Certains médecins interviewés ont même ressenti une amélioration de la relation médecin-patient en téléconsultation.Conclusion : Les médecins interviewés souhaitaient poursuivre la téléconsultation. Des recommandations plus strictes et une meilleure règlementation sont nécessaires pour son développement pérenne
Bioimpedance single cell sensing of low and high density sickle erythrocytes using microfluidics
No full textInternational audienceIn this paper, sickled red blood cells of different densities from distinct Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) patients were analyzed, using a microfluidic device based on bioimpedance sensing. Complementary to our previous work (Xu et al., 2020) demonstrating the capacity of our microfluidic device to discriminate between normal and pathological red blood cells, we investigated the microcirculatory properties of red blood cells (RBCs) in sickle cell disease based on their density. RBCs were separated using a triple density Percoll fractionation in low density (LD), dense (D) and high density (HD) RBCs. Single cell transiting through microfluidic constrictions was electrically recorded. Gaussian distributions, adjusted to the histograms of transit time (TT), as well as in phase blockade amplitude (IP BA) and phase shift (PS) of the electrical signal, were analyzed for the three RBC subpopulations. A specific electrical signature was achieved for each RBC subpopulation, with decreased TT, BA and PS for increasing densities. This approach provides a promising tool to monitor the effect of therapeutical strategies in sickle cell disease and other red cell disorders
Prominent discords in climate data through matrix profile techniques: detecting emerging long term pattern changes and anomalous events
No full textInternational audienceOutliers detection generally aims at identifying extreme events and insightful changes in climate behavior. One important type of outlier is pattern outlier also called discord, where the outlier pattern detected covers a time interval instead of a single point in the time series. Machine learning contributes many algorithms and methods in this field especially unsupervised algorithms for different types of data time series. In a first submitted paper, we have investigated discord detection applied to climate-related impact observations. We have introduced the prominent discord notion, a contextual concept that derives a set of insightful discords by identifying dependencies among variable length discords, and which is ordered based on the number of discords they subsume. Following this study, here we propose a ranking function based on the length of the first subsumed discord and the total length of the prominent discord, and make use of the powerful matrix profile technique. Preliminary results show that our approach, applied to monthly runoff timeseries between 1902 and 2005 over West Africa, detects both the emergence of long term change with the associated former climate regime, and the regional driest decade (1982-1992) of the 20th century (i.e. climate extreme event). In order to demonstrate the genericity and multiple insights gained by our method, we go further by evaluating the approach on other impact (e.g. crop data, fires, water storage) and climate (precipitation and temperature) observations, to provide similar results on different variables, extract relationships among them and identify what constitutes a prominent discord in such cases. A further step will consist in evaluating our methodology on climate and impact historical simulations, to determine if prominent discords highlighted in observations can be captured in climate and impact models
"Co-construction" in Deliberative Democracy: Lessons from the French Citizens' Convention for Climate
No full textInternational audienceLaunched in 2019, the French Citizens’ Convention for Climate (CCC) tasked 150 randomly-chosen citizens with proposing fair and effective measures to fight climate change. This was to be fulfilled through an “innovative co-construction procedure,” involving some unspecified external input alongside that from the citizens. Did inputs from the steering bodies undermine the citizens’ accountability for the output? Did co-construction help the output resonate with the general public, as is expected from a citizens’ assembly? To answer these questions, we build on our unique experience in observing the CCC proceedings and documenting them with qualitative and quantitative data. We find that the steering bodies’ input, albeit significant, did not impair the citizens’ agency, creativity and freedom of choice. While succeeding in creating consensus among the citizens who were involved, this co-constructive approach however failed to generate significant support among the broader public. These results call for a strengthening of the commitment structure that determines how follow-up on the proposals from a citizens’ assembly should be conducted
Apports et limites des logiciels de simulation en formation des élèves ingénieurs : cas de l'enseignement des télécommunications
No full textInternational audienceThe advent of digital in education is strongly influenced by the integration of NTIC in training. The training environment in academia is dominated by the use of computers, the Internet, software in both teaching and learning. We want through this research, to respond to the question: What perceptions have the actors in the context of engineering training of the contributions and limits of use of simulation software in the context of teaching and/or learning of telecommunications? Our objective consisted in identifying the strengths and weaknesses declared by the students and the feedback they have from the use of simulation software in their learning environment. A methodological approach of the exploratory type, comprising several sources of data collection including a questionnaire intended for students (n=140), where we gave greater importance to the answers to open questions, semi-directed collective interviews with students (n = 30), was mobilized to answer our research question. The perceptions of the students are both strongly marked by a plurality of points of view starting from the variables of omens to the variables of products. The results related to the omen variables are satisfied with the motives which have pushed the actors to adopt this or that other software as a teaching or learning tool. On the other hand, the results related to the product variables are directly related to the expectations of the actors vis-à-vis the object of study. At this level, the actors give more pronouncements on the achievements developed thanks to the use of this or that other software. Thus, the contributions and limitations noted by the actors are globally influenced by the perceptions before and after use of the software in the training environment.L'avènement du numérique en éducation est fortement influencé par l'intégration des NTIC en formation. L'environnement de formation en milieu universitaire est dominé par l'usage des ordinateurs, d'Internet, des logiciels dans le cursus d'enseignement comme d'apprentissage. Nous voulons à travers la présente recherche, répondre a la question : Quelles perceptions ont les acteurs en contexte de formation en ingénierie des apports et limites de l'utilisation des logiciels de simulation en contexte d'enseignement et/ou apprentissage des télécommunications ? Notre objectif a consisté à identifier les forces et faiblesses déclarées par les étudiants et du retour d'expérience qu'ils ont de l'utilisation des logiciels de simulation dans leur environnement d'apprentissage. Une démarche méthodologique de type exploratoire, comportant plusieurs sources de collectes de données dont un questionnaire destiné aux étudiants (n=140), ou nous accordions aux réponses des questions ouvertes une plus grande importance, des entrevues collectives semi-dirigée s avec des étudiants (n = 30), a été mobilisée pour répondre à notre question de recherche. Les perceptions des étudiants sont à la fois fortement marquées par une pluralité des points de vue partant des variables de présages aux variables de produits. Les résultats liés aux variables de présages se contentent des mobiles qui ont poussé les acteurs à adopter tel o u tel autre logiciel comme outil d'enseignement ou d'apprentissage. Par contre, les résultats liés aux variables produits s ont quant à eux directement en lien avec les attentes des acteurs vis-à-vis de l'objet d'étude. A ce niveau, les acteurs se prononcent davantage sur les acquis développés grâce à l'usage de tel ou tel autre logiciel. Ainsi, les apports et les limites relevés par les acteurs sont globalement influencés par les perceptions avant et après usage des logiciels dans l'environnement de formation