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Pathogenesis of nosemosis and midgut changes in bees infected with nosema ceranae spores – the importance of histopathology in diagnosis
No full textN. ceranae је интрацелуларна микроспоридија која инфицира епителне ћелије средњег црева медоносних пчела, узрокујући ноземозу, болест која доприноси слабљењу пчелињих заједница. Инфекција настаје ингестијом спора које у средњем цреву ослобађају спорозоите, инфицирају епителне ћелије и узрокују њихову деструкцију. Оштећење епитела доводи до поремећаја варења, депресије имунолошког система и повећане смртности пчела. Заражене пчеле показују смањену виталност, скраћен животни век и смањен принос меда.
Средње црево пчела има једнослојни епител са цилиндричним ћелијама и перитрофичном мембраном која штити дигестивни систем од патогена. Инфекција изазива вакуолизацију цитоплазме, лизу ћелија и атрофију епитела, док споре масовно колонизују лумен црева. Перитрофична мембрана губи своју функцију, чиме се повећава пропустљивост и губи функција црева.
Пчеле су вештачки инфициране спорaма N. ceranae и након 14. дана жртвоване. За израду хистопатолошких препарата коришћени су пресеци целих пчела (који су у циљу смекшавања хитина третирани 3% раствором хлор-диоксида) и изоловани узорци црева. Пресеци пчела и изоловани узорци црева су након фиксације у 10% пуферизованом формалину обрађени стандардном методом у аутомарском ткивном процесору, укалупљени у парафинске блокове, сечени на 3-5μm и бојени хематоксилин-еозином и толуидин плавим.
Микроскопски се уочава деструкција епителних ћелија и присуство спора унутар њих. Поређењем са узорцима црвева здравих неинфицираних пчела уочава се изражена дегенерација ткива и ћелија. Иако се класичнe методe бројања спора и PCR метода чешће примењују за брзу детекцију патогена, хистолошка анализа пружа шири увид у обим оштећења и патогенезу инфекције, што омогућава бољу процену стања пчелиње заједнице. Хистопатолошке методе испитивања се ретко примењују код пчела, иако може значајно допринети бољем разумевању пчелињих болести и улози ветеринара у очувању здравља пчелињих заједница. Интеграција хистолошких анализа у дијагностику обољења пчела може допринети правовременом откривању и контроли ноземозе, што је од кључног значаја за очување пчеларске производње. Узимајући у обзир еколошки и економски значај пчела, неопходно је даље истраживање и имплементација хистопатолошких техника у рутинској дијагностици како би се омогућила ефикаснија борба против N. ceranae и очување пчелињих популација.Nosema ceranae is an intracellular microsporidian that infects the epithelial cells of the honey bee's midgut, causing nosemosis - a disease contributing to the weakening of bee colonies. Infection occurs through ingestion of spores that release sporoplasms in the midgut, which then infect epithelial cells, leading to their destruction. Damage to the epithelium results in digestive disorders, suppression of the immune system, and increased bee mortality. Infected bees exhibit reduced vitality, shortened lifespan, and decreased honey production.
The bee's midgut features a single-layered epithelium with cylindrical cells and a peritrophic membrane that protects the digestive system from pathogens. Infection causes cytoplasmic vacuolization, cell lysis, and epithelial atrophy, while spores massively colonize the gut lumen. The peritrophic membrane loses its function, increasing permeability and compromising gut integrity.
Bees were artificially infected with N. ceranae spores and sacrificed after 14 days. Histopathological preparations were made from whole bee sections (softened using a 3% chlorine dioxide solution to facilitate chitin sectioning) and isolated gut samples. Both whole bee sections and isolated gut samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, processed using standard methods in an automatic tissue processor, embedded in paraffin blocks, sectioned at 3–5 μm, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue.
Microscopic examination revealed destruction of epithelial cells and the presence of spores within them. Compared to samples from healthy, uninfected bees, there was pronounced tissue and cellular degeneration. Although traditional spore counting and PCR methods are commonly used for rapid pathogen detection, histological analysis provides a broader insight into the extent of damage and the pathogenesis of the infection, enabling better assessment of the colony's condition. Histopathological methods of examination are rarely used in bees, yet it can significantly contribute to a better understanding of bee diseases and the veterinarian's role in maintaining colony health. Integrating histological analyses into bee disease diagnostics can aid in the timely detection and control of nosemosis, which is crucial for preserving beekeeping productivity. Given the ecological and economic importance of bees, further research and implementation of histopathological techniques in routine diagnostics are necessary to effectively combat N. ceranae and protect bee populations.Zbornik kratkih sadržaj
Patogeneza i tretman postkoitalnog endometritisa kod kobila
No full textPostkoitalni endometritis kod kobila (inflamacija/infekcija endometrijuma) je fiziološka reakcija
koja se odvija u endometrijumu kobila u roku od 48h nakon parenja, sa ciljem da se ukloni seminalna plazma,
višak sperme, mikroorganizmi i debris iz lumena uterusa. Kobile se mogu klasifikovati kao osetljive (prijemčive)
ili otporne na postkoitalni endometritis (engl. persistent breeding‑induced endometritis — PBIE) na osnovu
sposobnosti da uklone inflamaciju/infekciju do 48h nakon parenja. Kobile podložne PBIE, imaju neadekvatan
imunski odgovor i ugrožene fizičke mehanizme odbrane. Poslednjih godina, nedostatak u efikasnosti
tradicionalnih terapijskih protokola, pored sve veće incidence mikroorganizama otpornih na antibiotike,
nametnuo je razvoj netradicionalnih vidova terapije čiji je učinak u izvesnoj meri sporan
Comparative transcriptome analysis of pectoralis major muscles affected by white striping, wooden breast and spaghetti meat in male and female broiler chickens
No full textAbstract
Background Growth-related myopathies, including white striping (WS), wooden breast (WB), and spaghetti meat
(SM), compromise broiler meat quality, causing significant economic losses. Although these myopathies share some
histological features, their molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood, particularly regarding sex-specific
differences. This study aimed to compare transcriptomic profiles of normal and defective pectoralis major muscles
to identify biological pathways underlying male and female myopathies. Transcriptomic analysis was performed on
RNA-seq data from pectoralis major muscles of male and female Ross 308 broilers. Then, differentially expressed genes
(DEGs) and enriched pathways were identified using edgeR and functional annotation tools.
Results SM samples exhibited the most extensive transcriptional alterations, particularly in males, with significant
disruption of pathways related to hypoxia, energy metabolism, calcium signaling, and extracellular matrix remodeling.
Compared to normal meat, WB meat demonstrated moderate molecular changes, while WS meat showed minimal
transcriptomic impact. Males displayed pronounced metabolic dysregulation and increased activation of pathways
associated with inflammation, fibrosis, and vascular remodeling compared to females, where transcriptional changes
were generally less pronounced across all myopathies. Shared pathways among myopathies included oxidative
phosphorylation, cytoskeletal organization, and inflammatory responses, though their expression patterns varied
between sexes and conditions.
Conclusions This study highlights marked sex-specific differences in molecular responses to WS, WB, and SM, with
males exhibiting more pronounced transcriptomic alterations. These findings underscore the importance of sexspecific approaches to mitigate the economic and welfare impacts of these myopathies in broiler productio
The significance of differential diagnosis in the early detection of emerging infectious diseases of small ruminants
No full textZbornik radova i kratkih sadržaj
Odabrane mere za poboljšanje strategije kontrole nezbrinutih životinja
No full textU radu su opisne neke od grešaka koje se čine u sprovođenju kontrole nezbrinutih životinja aludirajući na našu zajednicu. Strategije kontrole nezbrinutih pasa i mačaka u Srbiji nisu dovoljno transparentne jer javnost nije upoznata sa indikatorima njihovog uspeha ili je procena efikasnosti izostavljena. Obzirom da prihvatilišta za nezbrinute životinje ne predstavljaju rešenje problema jer niti se njihovom izgradnjom smanjuje populacija nezbrinutih životinja, niti se rešavaju problemi neodgovornog vlasništva, u radu su istaknute neke savremene mogućnosti organizacije rada prihvatilišta (starateljstvo i relokacija životinja za udomljavanje) kako bi se sprečilo prenatrpavanje prihvatilišta, narušavanje dobrobiti životinja i fizičko i mentalno iscrpljivanje radnika. Takođe je objašnjenja potreba za autorizacijom i institucionalizacijom hranitelja nezbrinutih životinja na javnim mestima.Zbornik radova i kratkih sadržaj
Helatne forme mikroelemenata: savremena nutritivna strategija za unapređenje zdravstvenog stanja i proizvodnih rezultata svinja
No full textEkonomska održivost svinjarske proizvodnje ima za cilj obezbeđivanje
odgovarajućih smeštajnih i ambijentalnih uslova, dobre genetske osnove, ustaljenih
zdravstvenih preventivnih programa, adekvatno izbalansiran obrok, kao i efikasan plan
ishrane životinja. Kontinuirani napredak u razumevanju biohemijskih i fizioloških procesa
u organizmu, sadrži potencijal za razvoj intenzivne svinjarske proizvodnje. Mikroelementi
su mineralne materije koje su u telu životinja zastupljene u tragovima (<100 ppm). Oni
učestvuju u skoro svim fiziološkim i biohemijskim procesima i daju doprinos boljem iskorišćavanju
energije, sintezi proteina, ostvarenju boljih proizvodno-reproduktivnih
potencijala i očuvanju zdravlja životinja. Životinjama se oni obezbeđuju putem hrane,
uglavnom u neorganskoj formi kao oksidi ili sulfati. Biodostupnost neorganskih formi
mikroelemenata je ograničena i potrebne su visoke doze da bi se zadovoljile potrebe životinja,
što često dovodi do neravnoteže u hranljivim materijama i potencijalnih problema
sa toksičnošću. Sa druge strane, da bi se mikroelement resorbovao kroz sluzokožu crevnog
zida, prethodno mora da se veže za odgovarajući molekul organskog porekla (ligand). Kao
rezultat međusobne kompeticije prisutnih hranljivih sastojaka za odgovarajuće ligande,
kao i mnogobrojnih oksido-redukcionih procesa koji se odvijaju u lumenu digestivnog
trakta, resorpcija mineralnih materija je po pravilu vrlo mala. Kao jedna od predloženih
mogućnosti, u literaturi je, a i u praktičnu upotrebu uveden pojam „helat” ili „helatni
kompleks”. Helati su kompleksna jedinjenja u kojima je metalni jon vezan za ligand koji
poseduje dva ili više donorska atoma, pri čemu ligand obuhvata metalni jon kao „klešta”
formirajući „prstenove”. Ligand je molekul ili jon koji sadrži atom sa slobodnim elektronskim
parom kojim se ostvaruje veza sa jonom metala. Bilo koja od prirodnih aminokiselina
može da bude ligand i formira stabilan petočlani prsten sa metalnim jonom. U rezultatima eksperimenta u organizaciji Katedre za ishranu i botaniku prikazan je blagotvoran efekat
helatnih formi mikroelemenata na zdravlje creva i proizvodne rezultate prasadi u odgoju,
uz minimalno izlučivanje helata u spoljašnju sredinu.Zbornik predavanj
The effects of pre-fermentative treatments on the aroma of Krstač and Žižak wines
No full textPre-fermentative treatments are essential in winemaking, as they significantly influence
the quality and stability of white wines in particular. The synthesis of many compounds
obtained from yeast, such as higher alcohols and esters, is influenced by the type and concentration
of aromatic precursors present in the must, especially amino acids. Clarification
has a positive effect on wine quality, mainly by improving organoleptic properties, with
flavour being the most affected. In this study, the influences of different static settling
times, different pressures during must extraction and the addition of different bentonite
concentrations to the must on the aroma of wines from the autochthonous grape varieties
Krstaˇc and Žižak were investigated. The identification of aromatic compounds in the wine
was performed using GC/FID-MS analysis. Wine subjected to the longest static settling
time (30 h) showed the highest concentration of esters. Krstaˇc wine, which underwent a
30 h of settling, was characterised by an increased concentration of esters, such as isoamyl
acetate, ethyl decanoate and ethyl hexanoate, while Žižak wine was characterised by the
presence of 2-phenylethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate. The total fatty acid content in Krstaˇc
wine obtained by pressing was higher (14.90 mg/L) than in wine produced from free-run
juice (8.04 mg/L)
Leptospiral shedding and seropositivity in asymptomatic stray dogs in Bosnia and Herzegovina
No full textLeptospirosis is a (re) emerging zoonosis that occurs worldwide. Dogs could develop infections that range from
asymptomatic to severe, and shed leptospires with their urin. The aim of this study was to compare the results of
real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) by examining urine samples, and serological examination of the
blood of stray dogs by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) on ten serovars of Leptospira spp. A total of 100
blood samples and 50 urine samples of clinically healthy stray dogs were collected from June to November 2024
in the Banja Luka region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Positive MAT titres (≥ 100) were detected in 15,0 % (15/
100) of samples. Dogs were most commonly reactive to Australis (60,0 %) followed by Pomona (26,67 %) Bratislava
(20.0 %), Canicola (13,33 %) and 6,67 % for Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa and Sejroe serovars. A
positive result of the qPCR test was found in 11 (22.0 %) dogs, with only one of these dogs was positive in the
MAT test. It has been found that MAT is not a good method for identifying dogs that shed leptospires in their
urine. The study indicates a significant prevalence of leptospirosis in clinically healthy dogs. Therefore, it is
important to implement appropriate control measures to prevent further spread of the disease in both human and
animal populations
Assessment of suppressive effects of negative air Ions on fungal growth, sporulation and airborne viral load
No full textSpores of filamentous fungi are common biological particles in indoor air that can negatively
impact human health, particularly among immunocompromised individuals and patients
with chronic respiratory conditions. Airborne viruses represent an equally pervasive threat,
with some carrying the potential for pandemic spread, affecting both healthy individuals
and the immunosuppressed alike. This study investigated the abundance and diversity
of airborne fungal spores in both hospital and residential environments, using custom
designed air samplers with or without the presence of negative air ions (NAIs) inside the
sampler. The main purpose of investigation was the assessment of biological effects of
NAIs on fungal spore viability, deposition, mycelial growth, and sporulation, as well as
airborne viral load. The precise assessment of mentioned biological effects is otherwise
difficult to carry out due to low concentrations of studied specimens; therefore, specially
devised and designed, ion-bioaerosol interaction air samplers were used for prolonged
collection of specimens of interest. The total fungal spore concentrations were quantified,
and fungal isolates were identified using cultural and microscopic methods, complemented
by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Results indicated no significant difference in overall
spore concentration between environments or treatments; however, presence of NAIs
induced a delay in the sporulation process of Cladosporium herbarum, Aspergillus flavus, and
Aspergillus niger within 72 h. These effects of NAIs are for the first time demonstrated in this
work; most likely, they are mediated by oxidative stress mechanisms. A parallel experiment
demonstrated a substantially reduced concentration of aerosolized equine herpesvirus 1
(EHV-1) DNA within 10–30 min of exposure to NAIs, with more than 98% genomic load
reduction beyond natural decay. These new results on the NAIs interaction with a virus,
as well as new findings regarding the fungal sporulation, resulted in part from a novel
interaction setup designed for experiments with the bioaerosols. Our findings highlight the
potential of NAIs as a possible approach for controlling fungal sporulation and reducing
airborne viral particle quantities in indoor environments
A holistic approach model to food safety surveillance: detecting Toxoplasma gondii in meat
No full textPrevalences of infections caused by food- and waterborne parasites, some of them causing
a significant disease burden, are on the increase. In the absence of systematic surveillance
programmes for many of these parasites, particularly in extensive or free-range husbandry
settings, research efforts are under way to design monitoring procedures and improve food
safety, beyond the current standard of practice or of food safety legislation. An example is
given of the commencement of these efforts, by presenting the experimental work package in
a research project which entails testing of meat (heart tissue) of backyard poultry and game
birds for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii gDNA. The high molecular prevalence of infection
detected in some bird species, particularly in backyard chickens raised in rural areas,
points to the need for comprehensive and timely surveillance programmes to be applied to
all extensively farmed, or game animals and birds used for human consumption. Surveillance
should include testing of animal feed as well as the environment (water and soil). However,
until risk-based surveillance programmes are operational, meat safety will principally depend
on adherence to prevention practices, such as pre-market product processing, as well as on
educating consumers in hygienic handling and proper meat preparation practices