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Impact of endoparasite infections on the welfare of Balkan donkeys
No full textБалкански магарац је најзаступљенија раса магараца у Србији, која представља важан генетски ресурс и налази се на листи угрожених аутохтоних раса домаћих животиња. Паразитске инфекције представљају један од главних здравствених проблема који утиче и на добробит животиња, доводећи до стварања суве длаке, дијареје, смањене апсорпције хранљивих материја и последичног губитка телесне масе. Циљ овог истраживања је био да се утврди паразитолошки статус и оцени добробит на фармама магараца током пролећне и јесење сезоне, у Јужно Бачком, Сремском, Колубарском, Поморавском и Пиротском округу. Узорци фецеса магараца су квалитативно и квантитативно испитани на присуство паразита. За процену добробити коришћени су директни показатељи добробити засновани на AWIN протоколу за магарце. Копролошком претрагом су идентификоване протозоа Eimeria leuckarti, интестиналне нематоде: стронгилиде и Parascaris equorum, респираторна нематода Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, цестоде из рода Anoplocephala и трематоде: Fasciola hepatica и Dicrocoelium dendriticum, у виду појединачних и мешовитих инфекција. Сви испитивани магарци током обе сезоне су били инфицирани стронгилидама (100%). Током јесење сезоне утврђена је већа преваленција P. equorum (21.88%) и Anoplocephala spp. (6.25%), док су у пролеће биле заступљеније E. leuckarti (3.75%) и D. arnfieldi (16.25%). Током обе сезоне дијагностикована је иста преваленција F. hepatica (2.50%), а D. dendriticum (1.25%) је установљен само у јесен. Главни проблеми добробити магараца су били мршавост, губитак длаке, лезије на кожи, лоше стање длачног покривача, исцедак из очију и носа, респираторни проблеми и запрљаност задњих екстремитета фецесом. Утврђена је значајна корелација између налаза P. equorum и запрљаности задњих екстремитета фецесом у пролећној сезони и налаза стронгилида и мршавости, исцедка из носа у пролећној и губитка длаке у јесењој сезони. Ови резултати указују да ендопаразитозе негативно утичу на добробит и здравље Балканских магараца и да је у циљу очувања здравственог статуса ових животиња неопходно осмишљавање ефикасних протокола лечења и програма контроле паразитоза, као и пратећа едукација власника.The Balkan donkey is the most common donkey breed in Serbia, representing an important genetic resource and is on the list of endangered indigenous breeds of domestic animals. Parasitic infections are one of the main health problems that also affect animal welfare, leading to dry hair, diarrhea, reduced nutrient absorption and consequent weight loss. The aim of this study was to determine the parasitological status and assess welfare on donkey farms during the spring and autumn seasons, in the South Bačka, Srem, Kolubara, Pomorava and Pirot districts. Donkey faecal samples were qualitatively and quantitatively examined for the presence of parasites. Direct welfare indicators based on the AWIN protocol for donkeys were used to assess welfare. Coprological examination identified the protozoa Eimeria leuckarti, intestinal nematodes: strongylids and Parascaris equorum, respiratory nematode Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, cestodes from the genus Anoplocephala and trematodes: Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum, in the form of single and mixed infections. All examined donkeys were infected with strongylids during both seasons (100%). During the autumn season, a higher prevalence of P. equorum (21.88%) and Anoplocephala spp. (6.25%) was determined, while in the spring E. leuckarti (3.75%) and D. arnfieldi (16.25%) were more prevalent. During both seasons, the same prevalence of F. hepatica (2.50%) was diagnosed, and D. dendriticum (1.25%) was established only in the autumn. The main welfare problems of donkeys were thin body condition score (BCS), hair loss, skin lesions, poor hair coat condition, eye and nasal discharge, respiratory problems and fecal soiling. A significant correlation was found between the presence of P. equorum and fecal soiling in the spring season and the presence of strongylids and thin BCS, nasal discharge in the spring and hair loss in the autumn season. These results indicate that endoparasites negatively affect the welfare and health of Balkan donkeys and that in order to preserve the health status of these animals, it is necessary to design effective treatment protocols and parasite control programs, as well as accompanying education of owners.Zbornik kratkih sadržaj
Metagenomic analysis of viruses in mosquito populations in the territory of Vojvodina and Belgrade, Serbia
No full textКомарци представљају векторе великог броја вируса који могу бити значајни патогени за људе и животиње. Главни циљ ове студије био је да се истражи вирусни микробиом (виром) у популацијама комараца врста Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus и Anopheles maculipennis complex. Подручје истраживања обухватало је територију покрајине Војводине и град Београд, Србија. Узорковање одраслих женки комараца вршено је у урбаним, полуурбаним и руралним срединама и спроведено је у периоду од априла до августа 2024. године. Комарци су прикупљани помоћу клопки типа НС2, БГ про и БГ Сентинел, након чега је извршена њихова морфолошка идентификација. Материјал за екстракцију нуклеинских киселина представљало је укупно 50 збирних узорака, са по максимално 25 комараца по узорку, који су били разврстани према врстама комараца и локацији прикупљања. Након екстракције, извршена је амплификација вирусних нуклеинских киселина, припрема библиотеке и секвенцирање путем платформе Illumina. Биоинформатичка обрада података се састојала из уклањања адаптера и секвенци са слабим квалитетом, издвајања вирусних секвенци, поравнања са базама података вирусних генома и гена, таксономске класификације и функционалне анотације. De novo састављање генома и делова генома омогућило је идентификацију вируса и њихову даљу карактеризацију. Најзаступљеније вирусне таксоне чинили су Riboviria, Monodnaviria, Duplodnaviria i Varidnaviria. У већини узорака детектовани су некатегоризовани РНК вируси, укључујући Culex negev-like virus 1 и Anopheline-associated C virus. У значајном броју узорака фрагменти генома су класификовани као Naldaviricetes, док у појединим узорцима није детектовано присуство РНК вируса. У неколико узорака детектован је Alphamesonivirus, повезан са респираторним инфекцијама коња као и Merida-like virus (rhabdovirus). Резултати овог истраживања наглашавају улогу метагеномског надзора у разумевању вирусне разноврсности у популацијама комараца, а добијени резултати унапређују систем континуираног надзора и потврђују његов значај у циљу идентификације претећих зоонозних патогена, повећања приправности и одговора на епидемије кроз рану детекцију и процену ризика.Mosquitoes serve as vectors for a wide range of viruses that can be significant pathogens for humans and animals. The main objective of this study was to investigate the viral microbiome (virome) in mosquito populations of the species Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus, and the Anopheles maculipennis complex. The study area covered the territory of Vojvodina and the city of Belgrade, Serbia. Sampling of adult female mosquitoes was conducted in urban, semi-urban, and rural environments from April to August 2024. Mosquitoes were collected using NS2, BG Pro, and BG Sentinel traps, followed by their morphological identification. The material for nucleic acid extraction consisted of 50 pooled samples, with a maximum of 25 mosquitoes per sample, categorized based on mosquito species and collection location. After extraction, viral nucleic acid amplification, library preparation, and sequencing were performed using the Illumina platform. The bioinformatics data processing included the removal of adapters and low-quality sequences, extraction of viral sequences, alignment against viral genome and gene databases, taxonomic classification, and functional annotation. De novo genome and partial genome assembly enabled virus identification and further characterization. The most prevalent viral taxa detected were Riboviria, Monodnaviria, Duplodnaviria, and Varidnaviria. Unclassified RNA viruses were identified in most samples, including Culex negev-like virus 1 and Anopheline-associated C virus. In a significant number of samples, genome fragments were classified as Naldaviricetes, while some samples did not contain detectable RNA viruses. A few samples contained Alphamesonivirus, associated with equine respiratory infections, as well as Merida-like virus (rhabdovirus). The results of this study emphasize the role of metagenomic surveillance in understanding viral diversity in mosquito populations. The findings contribute to strengthening continuous surveillance systems and confirm their importance in identifying emerging zoonotic pathogens, enhancing preparedness, and responding to epidemics through early detection and risk assessment.Zbornik kratkih sadržaj
Diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle - our experience
No full textMycoplasma bovis је једна од преко 125 врста микоплазми - малих, плеоморфних, грам негативних бактерија без ћелијског зида, које припадају класи Mollicutes. Представља један од најзначајнијих патогена у савременој интензивој говедарској производњи, и изазива велике економске губитке на свим континентима.
Инфеције узрочником Mycoplasmа bovis код говеда најчешће доводе до пнеумоније и артритиса. Код млађих категорија животиња могу изазвати запаљење средњег уха, док код млечних крава често изазивају маститисе и репродуктивне проблеме. Пнеумоније се јављају код свих категорија, од телади до млечних грла и то као самосталне инфекције и као део BRD комплекса, када је Mycoplasma bovis удружена са другим вирусним и бактеријским узрочницима. Артритиси се такође могу јавити код свих категорија, обично на метатарзалним, метакарпалним, коленим и лакатним зглобовима. Код приплодних грла може довести до побачаја и превременог партуса, као и смањивања квалитета семена приплодних бикова. Маститиси се јављају у субклиничкој, акутној и хроничној форми, обично на две или више четврти. Веома тешко се лече и представљају озбиљан проблем у млечном говедарству.
Mycoplasma bovis се најчешће преноси директним контактом, носним секретима или аеросолом, а забележени су случајеви преношења семеном приплодних бикова. Индиректно се може пренети храном, водом, колострумом, млеком и опремом. Велики проблем могу да представљају асимптоматски инфициране животиње које услед стреса или других инфекција излучују велике количине патогена и заражавају све пријемчиве животиње у крду.
У дијагностици се најчешће користи PCR, а узорци су назофарингеални брисеви, бронхоалвеоларне лаваже, аспирати зглобова и млеко. Доступни су ELISA тестови, а могућа је и изолација узрочника. Терапија може бити компликована, а потенцијално ефикасни су тетрациклини, аминогликозиди, хлорамфениколи и макролиди. Проблем свакако представља и недостатак довољно квалитетне и ефикасне вакцине у Европи.
У овом раду представљена су наша искуства са инфекцијама различитих категорија говеда узрочником Mycoplasmom bovis, са нагласком на најзначајније патоморфолошке промене (макроскопске и хистопатолошке) и молекуларну дијагностику.Mycoplasma bovis is one of over 125 species of mycoplasmas—small, pleomorphic, Gram-negative bacteria without a cell wall, belonging to the class Mollicutes. It is one of the most significant pathogens in modern intensive cattle production, causing substantial economic losses across all continents.
Infections with Mycoplasma bovis in cattle most commonly lead to pneumonia and arthritis. In younger animals, it can cause otitis media, while in dairy cows, it frequently results in mastitis and reproductive issues. Pneumonia occurs across all age groups, from calves to dairy cows, either as a standalone infection or as part of the Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) complex, where Mycoplasma bovis is associated with other viral and bacterial pathogens. Arthritis can also affect all categories of cattle, usually targeting the metatarsal, metacarpal, knee, and elbow joints. In breeding animals, it may cause miscarriages, premature births, and reduced semen quality in breeding bulls. Mastitis appears in subclinical, acute, and chronic forms, typically affecting two or more quarters of the udder. It is very difficult to treat and represents a serious problem in dairy farming.
Mycoplasma bovis is most commonly transmitted through direct contact, nasal secretions, or aerosols, and cases of transmission via semen from breeding bulls have also been recorded. Indirect transmission can occur through feed, water, colostrum, milk, and equipment. Asymptomatic infected animals can pose a significant problem, as they may shed large amounts of the pathogen under stress or in the presence of other infections, spreading the disease to all susceptible animals in the herd.
For diagnosis, PCR is most commonly used, with samples including nasopharyngeal swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, joint aspirates, and milk. ELISA tests are available, and isolation of the pathogen is also possible. Treatment can be challenging, but tetracycline, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and macrolides have shown potential effectiveness. A major issue is the lack of a sufficiently high-quality and effective vaccine in Europe.
This article presents our experiences with Mycoplasma bovis infections in different categories of cattle, with a focus on the most significant pathological changes (both macroscopic and histopathological) and molecular diagnostics.Zbornik kratkih sadržaj
Prisustvo gena za enterotoksine Staphylococcus aureus u mleku i proizvodima od mleka - pregled
No full textStaphylococcus aureus is a highly adaptable microorganism that is commonly found in a variety of settings, including the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals, as well as in the air, soil, and water. It is widely known for possessing a variety of virulence factors that enable it to cause and spread diseases. The presence of the genes for TSST-1 and enterotoxin A in milk and milk products will receive the most emphasis in this review. S. aureus isolated from milk can carry individual or combinations of genes coding for classical enterotoxins. The expression of many virulence-related genes S. aureus is regulated by the agr (accessory gene regulator) system, a two-component signaling system that down-regulates surface proteins and up-regulates secretory proteins, including various enterotoxins such as SEB, SEC, SED, and TSST-1. Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is commonly linked to the growth of staphylococci in protein-rich foods, for example, meat, milk, and dairy products. The growth of S. aureus and the production of enterotoxins are heavily influenced by the characteristics of the food, including salt content, pH, nutrient availability, oxygen levels, and temperature. In the dairy industry, strict control methods and ongoing monitoring are necessary to guarantee food safety. Long-term storage of milk above 8 °C greatly raises the danger of S. aureus growth and the possibility of enterotoxin development.Staphylococcus aureus je veoma prilagodljiv mikroorganizam koji se može naći u različitim sredinama, kao što je ljudska kože, sluzokoža, u vazduhu, zemljištu i vodi. Poznat je po tome što poseduje širok spektar faktora virulencije, koji mu omogućava da izazove bolest. U ovom pregledu najviše pažnje biće posvećeno prisustvu gena za enterotoksin A i TSST-1 u mleku i proizvodima od mleka. S. aureus izolovan iz mleka može da sintetiše ili nosi gene za klasične enterotoksine, bilo pojedinačno ili u kombinaciji. Ekspresija mnogih gena S. aureus povezanih sa virulencijom reguliše system agr (accessory gene regulator), dvokomponentni system signalizacije koji smanjuje površinske proteine dok povećava sekretorne proteine, uključujući različite enterotoksine kao što su SEB, SEC, SED i TSST-1. Stafilokokno trovanje hranom (SFP) je obično povezano sa rastom stafilokoka u hrani bogatoj proteinima poput mesa, mleka i mlečnih proizvoda. Na rast S. aureus i proizvodnju enterotoksina u velikoj meri utiče složeni sastav hrane, uključujući faktore kao što su sadržaj soli, pH, dostupnost hranljivih materija, nivo kiseonika i temperatura. Kontinuirano praćenje temperature i stroge mere kontrole proizvodnje mleka su od suštinskog značaja da bi se osigurala bezbednost hrane u mlekarskoj industriji. Kada se mleko duže čuva pri temperaturi iznad 8°C, rizik od rasta S. aureus značajno se povećava, kao i verovatnoća proizvodnje enterotoksina
Trichinella meat inspection by the compression method - First proficiency test
No full textIn some countries, like Serbia, trichinellosis is one of the most important foodborne zoonotic parasitic diseases.
The local authority in Serbia requires laboratory staff performing official controls on meat to be properly trained
and participate regularly in proficiency testing for the detection of Trichinella larvae in meat by the magnetic
stirrer method (MSM), organized by National Reference Laboratory for Trichinella. However, as in other countries
in the world (in South America, Africa, and Asia), in Serbia, the compression method for detection of Trichinella
larvae during meat testing is also in use. In spite of that, there is no described proficiency test (PT) for veterinarians
who use this method. This study presents data for PT providers on how to produce samples for PT panels
for the compression method. Performance results obtained by selected official laboratories from Serbia in this
first PT at national level for the compression method are also shown. Results suggest that: 1) the method suggested
produces sufficient quantity of homogeneous samples of suitable quality for compression PT panels, and
2) Serbian veterinarians who participated in this first Serbian PT for the compression method show suitable
competence and good performance in testing the PT samples by the compression method
Bioakumulacija metala u ribama izlovljenih iz reke Dunav i procena mogućih zdravstvenih rizika
No full textThe aim of the present study was to assess the content of metals in fish meat and to evaluate
possible health risks from dietary consumption of fish caught from the Danube River
in Serbia in the past fifteen years. Therefore, the metal pollution index (MPI) and the following
health risk indexes were calculated: estimated daily intake (EDI), estimated weekly
intake (EWI), % of provisional tolerable weekly intake (% PTWI), target hazard quotient
(THQ), hazard index (HI), and target cancer risk (TR). Levels of Cd in common carp and
Wels catfish from 2011 to 2013 and in silver carp in 2021 exceeded maximum allowed concentrations
in fish meat. Wels catfish contained higher contents of Hg from 2011 to 2013
and Pb in 2010 than prescribed by the national regulation. Moreover, MPIs determined for
common carp, Wels catfish, and barbel gradually decreased during the observed period,
except for silver carp where a slight increasing trend was observed. The HI was higher than
1 in almost all studies, and exceeded maximum allowed levels prescribed by international
and national regulations. In all presented studies, TR was lower than the acceptable lifetime
risk (ARL) of 10−4, except for As in common carp caught in Zemun and Grocka during
2013 when an unacceptable carcinogenic risk (> 10−4) was detected (1.10 x10−4 and 1.43
x10−4, respectively). It is necessary to implement regular monitoring of metal levels in fish
from the Danube River in order to preserve human and environmental health.Cilj ovog rada je bio da se utvrdi sadržaj metala u mesu riba i procene mogući zdravstveni
rizici nakon konzumacije ribe izlovljene iz reke Dunav u Srbiji u poslednjih petnaest godina.
Zbog toga su izračunati indeks zagađenosti mesa riba metalima (Metal pollution index
— MPI), procenjena dnevna stopa unosa metala (Estimated daily intake rate — EDI), procenjena
nedeljna stopa unosa metala (Estimated weekly intake rate — EWI), procenat privremenog
podnošljivog nedeljnog unosa metala (% of provisional tolerable weekly intake
— % PTVI), koeficijent opasnosti od određenog metala (Target hazard quotient — THQ),
ukupni rizik štetnosti od metala (Hazard index — HI) i rizik od nastanka raka nakon konzumacije
ribe (Target cancer risk — TR). Sadržaj kadmijuma (Cd) u šaranu i somu od
2011. do 2013. godine i u tolstolobiku 2021. godine bio je veći od maksimalno dozvoljene
vrednosti za meso riba. U mesu soma zapažen je veći sadržaj žive (Hg) od 2011. do 2013.
godine i olova (Pb) u 2010. godini nego što je dozvoljeno nacionalnim propisom. Pored
toga, utvrđen MPI za šarana, soma i mrenu postepeno se smanjivao tokom posmatranog
perioda, osim kod tolstolobika gde je uočen blagi trend rasta. Utvrđeno je da je HI indeks
veći od 1 u skoro svim studijama koje su premašile maksimalno dozvoljene nivoe metala
propisane međunarodnim i nacionalnim propisima. U svim prikazanim studijama TR je
bio niži od prihvatljivog životnog rizika od 10−4, osim za arsen (As) kod šarana izlovljenog
u Zemunu i Grockoj tokom 2013. godine kada je otkriven neprihvatljiv kancerogen rizik
(> 10−4) (1.10 x10−4 i 1.43 x10−4, redom). Stoga, neophodno je redovno pratiti sadržaj metala
u ribama izlovljenih iz Dunava u cilju očuvanja zdravlja ljudi i životne sredine
Assessment of microbiological status of fresh gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) from aquaculture in Adriatic sea, MontenegroMicrobiology of gilthead seabream
No full textThe aim of this research was to determine the microbiological status of gilthead seabream (Sparus au-rata), which were caught in the Boka Kotorska Bay, for the first time in this part of Montenegro coast. Collected fish were analysed for hygiene indicator and pathogens microorganisms through the winter and summer season during one year. Total bacterial counts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AB), Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CoPS) and sulphite-reducing Clostridia (SRC) were measured. Results show that all samples were suitable for human consumption in terms of microbiology status. The microbiological quality of individual samples varied widely between winter/summer seasons regarding total counts of aerobic mesophilic and Enterobacteriaceae. Samples obtained in summer showed significantly higher levels for aerobic mesophilic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae than samples obtained in winter. Salmonella spp. and E. coli were not detected in fish samples, and also none of the samples tested for coagulase positive Staphylococci and sulphite-reducing Clostridia were above the detection limit (10 CFU/g). Results underline the relevance of preventing and the application of good hygiene and good manufacturing practice during fish handling to secure the quality and safety of sea bream. Also, results presented in this study is valuable in the assessment of conditions in aquatic environments and this method of testing can be applied in other locations worldwide
Endangered but resilient: population and health insights of Lipa Pramenka sheep in Serbia
No full textLipa Pramenka sheep, an endangered but resilient breed in Serbia, has seen a 4.8-fold increase in population in recent years, although numbers are not yet sufficient for long-term stability. This study examines population trends and biochemical parameters and shows that total protein (69.34–77.56 g/L), albumin (30.45–34.02 g/L) and glucose (2.69–3.50 mmol/L) are within physiological ranges, while AST (112.94–153.37 IU/L) and calcium (2.32–2.72 mmol/L) vary significantly between farms, reflecting differences in diet and management. The results underline the need for targeted maintenance, optimized feeding and sustainable breeding strategies.Proceeding
Nutritional strategy in production vitamin D fortified eggs
No full textVitamin D is a liposoluble vitamin that regulates calcium homeostasis and is important for
animal and human health. Lack of vitamin D in humans can cause rickets, osteomalacia, and
decreased immunity. In laying hens, vitamin D deficiency negatively affects egg production
(decrease in egg production, thin-shelled eggs, poor feed conversion rate, etc.). Farm animal
requirements for vitamin D depend on age, sex, health status and production category. Foods
that contain vitamin D in human nutrition include salmon, red meat, liver, tuna and eggs, but
due to an unbalanced diet, people often cannot meet their needs in this way. In animals, the
daily needs can be met by adding vitamin D through premixes into the feed. The Department
of Nutrition and Botany, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, conducted
research on a commercial laying hen farm, where an active form of vitamin D was added
through premix into the feed of 20-week-old laying hens. The nutritional reference value
for vitamin D is 5 μg/day, and an enriched egg contained an average of 2.56 μg/100 g of
egg mass. By consuming food or feed enriched with vitamin D, various diseases can be prevented,
and it is easier to meet the daily needs of both humans and animals
A brief review of hay or silage use in dairy cow diets and their effect on milk and dairy products
No full textHay versus silage and their effect on the diet and performance of high-yield dairy cows, as
well as on milk production and the quality of cheese has been the subject of research and a
brief review of the issue is given here. Hay production and silage are the two most common
methods of preserving green mass today and are important nutrients in the diet of cows.
However, there has been much controversy about which feed is better and more useful in
feeding highly productive cows, hay or silage? Based on studies that have dealt with this
issue, information indicates that in recent years in European alpine regions of Switzerland,
hay is returning to use in dairy cow diets, not so much because of the yield and quality of
milk, but because of the dairy products that are of better quality and tastier if they are made
from the milk of hay-fed rather than silage-fed cows. It was also found that the milk of cows
with hay in their diet has a higher content of essential fatty acids, which have a beneficial
effect on human health