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Effect of glycerol supplementation on blood concentrations of insulin and biochemical parameters in peripartum dairy cows
No full textThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of glycerol supplementation on insulin and blood energy-related biochemical parameters of peripartum cows. The study included 60 cows, selected in dry period and divided into two groups. Both groups were fed with a total mix ratio. Experimental group (n=30) received glycerol supplementation dispersed in the morning feed in the quantity of 250 mL during last 15 days of pregnancy and 300 mL during first 60 days of lactation. Added glycerol provided additional 9.30 MJ NEL (net energy for lactation) during dry period and additional 13.95 MJ NEL during early lactation period. Control animals (n=30) did not receive glycerol. Blood samples were taken at day 15 before and days 7, 30 and 60 after calving. The blood glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), urea, total bilirubin, and insulin were measured. Blood biochemical parameters and insulin concentrations did not significantly differ between two groups before the beginning of experiment. Glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly higher in experimental compared to control group of cows, while concentrations of BHBA and NEFA were significantly lower in experimental compared to control group at all three examined postpartum periods. Total bilirubin concentration was significantly higher in control compared to experimental group at day 7 after calving. There was no significant difference in urea concentrations between groups. In conclusion, glycerol supplementation in peripartum dairy cows improved energy status of cows during postpartum period which is most challenging time for dairy cows as it is characterized by negative energy balance.Book of Abstract
Supplementation with garlic polysulfides effectively reduces enteric methane emissions in dairy cows
No full textThis study aimed to examine whether supplementation with garlic polysulfides, including diallyl polysulfide (DAP) and dipropyl polysulfide (DPP), could reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions in dairy cows. Eighteen late-lactation Holstein cows were divided into three numerically equal groups (n=6): CON (received basal diet), DAP (received 1 g/d of DAP), and DPP (received 1 g/d of DPP), that were not differ (p>0.05) in parity, days in milk, milk yield, and CH4 emissions at the beginning of the study. After 15 days of supplementation, enteric CH₄ emissions were measured using a laser methane detector. Measurements were conducted twice daily for three consecutive days from a 1-meter distance. The measurement duration was 3 minutes with CH4 reading intervals of 0.5 s, providing the CH4 concentration profile of 360 values for each cow per measurement. From these profiles, the following parameters were extracted (or calculated) to compare CH4 phenotypes between the studied cows: average of all CH4 values (CH4-average), CH4 values from breathing (CH4-breath), CH4 values from eructation (CH4-eructation), daily CH4 emissions, and number of eructations. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test. There was a significant effect of supplementation on all parameters examined (p<0.001) except the number of eructations. Thus, CH4-average, CH4-breath, CH4-eructation, and daily CH4 emissions were significantly lower in DAP and DPP compared to CON cows after 15 days of supplementation, but with no differences in eructations. In conclusion, DAP and DPP can reduce enteric CH4 emissions without affecting eructation physiology in dairy cows.Book of Abstract
Basic principles of verification and validation of food analysis methods
No full textCilj bilo kojeg analitičkog merenja je dobijanje tačnih, pouzdanih
i doslednih rezultata. Shodno tome, laboratorija mora da preduzme
odgovarajuće mere kako bi obezbedila podatke zahtevanog kvaliteta.
Upotreba nestandardnih metoda je moguća samo pod uslovom da
su dokumentovane i na odgovarajući način validovane, odnosno da je
sproveden postupak potvrđivanja da je metoda pogodna za predviđeno
korišćenje. Svrha validacije je ispitivanje podobnosti metoda, kao
i kapaciteta osoblja i laboratorije. Kod standardnih metoda, validacioni
postupak je već sproveden, ali laboratorija mora da demonstrira da
može na adekvatan način da je primeni. U pitanju je verifikacija, odnosno
pružanje objektivnog dokaza da dati predmet ispunjava specificirane
zahteve. Uključivanje određenih parametara verifikacije i validacije
zavisi od primene i svrhe metode, vrste uzoraka i domaćih ili
međunarodnih smernica ili propisa.
Stoga je cilj ovog rada da se ukaže na značaj verifikacionog i validacionog
postupka i da se opišu priznate tehnike za verifikaciju i validaciju
metoda ispitivanja hrane.Any analytical measurement aims to obtain accurate, reliable, and consistent results.
Consequently, the laboratory must take appropriate measures to ensure quality data. Nonstandard
methods are only possible when they are documented and appropriately validated.
The procedure for confirming that the method is adequate for an intended use has been
carried out. The purpose of the validation is to test the suitability of the methods, as well as
the capacity of the personnel and the laboratory. The validation procedure of the standard
method has already been carried out, but the laboratory still needs to confirm its ability to
apply it adequately. Verification is the procedure that provides objective evidence that a
given item fulfills specified requirements. Particular verification and validation parameters
depend on the application and purpose of the method, the type of samples, and national or
international guidelines or regulations.
Therefore, this paper aims to highlight the importance of the verification and
validation procedure and describe recognized techniques for the verification and validation
of methods of food analysis.Zbornik predavanj
The most common problems faced by veterinarians as experts or witnesses in court cases
No full textUloga veterinara, kao stručnih lica, u sudskim sporovima (krivičnim
i parničnim) može da bude dvojaka. Veterinari, u sudskim sporovima,
mogu učestvovati kao svedoci i/ili veštaci i/ili stručni savetnici. Tokom
sudskog postupka u kome je predmet spora životinja (živa, nestala,
otuđena ili uginula) ili hrana i drugi proizvodi životinjskog porekla,
potrebno je da se obezbede nesporni dokazi, a koji su u apsolutnoj
saglasnosti sa zakonskom regulativom, dobrom proizvođačkom, kao
i veterinarskom praksom. Kada je ovaj uslov ispunjen, donošenje
sudske presude je olakšano, a sama presuda je zasnovana na
pravičnom rešenju. Iz tog razloga, uloga veterinara kao svedoka i/ili
veštaka u sudskim postupcima je, ne samo relevantna, već vrlo često
i odlučujuća za donošenje presude. Veterinari kao svedoci i/ili veštaci
u sudskim postupcima mogu doprineti stručnim, obrazloženim i detaljnim
opisom dijagnoze i terapije ili stručnom, obrazloženom i detaljnom
analizom mesta na kome se štetni događaj desio, uz prateću adekvatnu
fotodokumentaciju.
Iako na radionici nije moguće obuhvatiti sve situacije u sudskim
postupcima koje se odnose na veterinare, nastojanje autora biće
usmereno ka analizi i zajedničkoj diskusiji najčešćih problema i izazova
sa kojima se suočavaju veterinari kao svedoci i/ili veštaci u sudskim
postupcima. Materijal za praktičan rad u okviru ove radionice biće
konkretni slučajevi u kojima su veštačili stalni sudski veštaci sa Katedre
za sudsku veterinarsku medicinu i Katedre za stočarstvo, Fakulteta
veterinarske medicine, Univerziteta u Beogradu.The role of veterinarians, as experts, in court cases (criminal and civil) can be
twofold. In court cases, veterinarians can participate as witnesses and/or court experts,
and/or expert advisors. During court proceedings in which the subject of the dispute is an
animal (alive, missing, alienated, or dead) or food and other products of animal origin, it
is necessary to provide indisputable evidence which is in absolute compliance with legal
regulations, sound production, as well as veterinary by practice. When this condition is met,
making a court judgment is facilitated, and the judgment itself is based on a fair solution.
For this reason, the role of veterinarians as witnesses and/or experts in court proceedings
is not only relevant but very often also decisive for passing judgment. As witnesses and/
or experts in court proceedings, veterinarians can contribute with a detailed description
of diagnosis and therapy or a thorough analysis of where the harmful event occurred,
accompanied by adequate photo documentation.
Although it is impossible to cover all situations in court proceedings related to
veterinarians at the workshop, the author’s effort will be directed towards the analysis
and joint discussion of the most common problems and challenges veterinarians face as
witnesses and/or experts in court proceedings. The material for practical work within this
workshop will be concrete cases in which permanent court experts from the Department
of Forensic Veterinary Medicine and the Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, gave an expert opinion.Zbornik predavanj
Tropilaelaps mite outbreaks: A framework for risk communication and systemic preparedness
No full textTropilaelaps mercedesae, ектопаразитска гриња поријеклом са азијске медоносне пчеле, све чешће се јавља на западној медоносној пчели, угрожава пчелиња друштва и представља пријетњу европском пчеларству и пољопривреди. До сад су пријављена жаришта у Русији и Грузији. Потенцијал ширења, условљен миграцијом пчелињих друштава, међународном трговином и климатским промјенама, захтијева проактивне контролне мјере. Овај рад указује на ризик од врста рода Tropilaelaps и разматра начине унапређења спремности, у државама у којима паразит још није присутан, кроз научне пројекте, активности референтних дијагностичких лабораторија и законодавне оквире. Ветеринарске службе свих нивоа треба да допринесу конкретним мјерама за контролу инвазивне врсте. Сазнања о овом паразиту углавном потичу из тропских подручја и других врста медоносних пчела. Постојећи докази указују да Tropilaelaps spp. могу нанијети већу штету пчелама него Varroa destructor. Недостатак података специфичних за регион и могућих сценарија пропагације за различите европске климатске услове, истиче потребу за циљаним истраживањима ради заштите одрживог пчеларства и ефикасног управљања ризиком. Циљ је јачање свијести ветеринара, пчелара, савјетника и надлежних органа о значају раног откривања, праћења и стратегија контроле. Посебно се наглашава потреба за усклађивањем са смјерницама WOAH (Свјетска организација за здравље животиња), унапређењем знања и система надзора. Едукације ветеринара и пчелара и успостављање протокола за рано откривање значајно ће унаприједити одговор. Комуникацијом се наглашава значај ефикасне сарадње ветеринарских органа, пчелара и креатора политика, ради суочавања с надолазећом пријетњом. Државе треба да буду припремљене за адекватну заштиту Apis mellifera.Tropilaelaps mercedesae, an ectoparasitic mite, native to Asian giant honeybees, also infesting Western honeybees, affecting honeybee colonies, poses an increasing threat to beekeeping and agriculture. Infestations have been reported in European territories, Russia and Georgia, to date. The potential for spread, driven by factors such as migration of colonies, international trade and climate change, calls for proactive measures. This communication focuses on the emerging risk posed by Tropilaelaps spp. and pointing out how relevant authorities in countries currently free from the parasite can enhance their preparedness through ongoing scientific projects, reference diagnostic laboratories and legislation actions. Local and national veterinary services need to expand their understanding of this invasive species. Current understanding of this parasite is largely based on studies from tropics on different honeybee species. However, available evidence suggests that Tropilaelaps spp. can cause more severe damage to colonies than Varroa destructor mites. The lack of region-specific data and scenarios for different European climates highlights the need for targeted research to support sustainable beekeeping and effective pest management. The aim is to raise awareness among veterinarians, beekeepers, expert advisors and competent authorities about the importance of early detection, monitoring and control strategies. It highlights the need for countries to align with WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health) guidelines by strengthening veterinary knowledge and surveillance systems. Educating veterinarians and beekeepers and establishing protocols for early detection will significantly improve the response. This communication emphasizes the importance of effective collaboration between veterinary authorities, beekeepers, and policymakers to address an emerging threat. Countries should be prepared to adequately protect Apis mellifera.Zbornik radov
Aspects of postoperative therapy of displaced abomasum of high-yielding dairy cows
No full textДислокација сиришта је значајан здравствени проблем у патологији дигестивног тракта високомлечних крава. Промена положаја сиришта представља топографску гастропатију која се појављује у више облика, као дислокација сиришта на лево, дислокација сиришта на десно и торзија сиришта. У зависности од облика дислокације сиришта постоји више развијених облика лечења од конзервативних, класичних хируршких до лапароскопских техника које су минимално инвазивне. Иако се данас сматра да је оперативни захват неизоставни део терапије дислокације сиришта, подједнак значај има и медикаментозна терапија. Она је незаобилазни део поступка са животињама, како пре, тако и после оперативног третмана. Најважнији патофизиолошки поремећаји који настају при дислокацији сиришта су хемоконцентрација (дехидратација), липомобилизација, метаболичка алкалоза и инфламација. Хемоконцентрација настаје као резултат дехидратације већег степена. Дехидратација се јавља због отежане, па чак и онемогућене пасаже садржаја из преджелудаца и сиришта у црева. Највећи степен дехидратације настаје код крава са десностраном дислокацијом сиришта. Сама дехидратација организма се релативно лако може дијагностиковати методама клиничког прегледа, док се промене у концентрацији биохемијских параметара крви и електролита у крви могу дијагностиковати једино лабораторијски. Ове промене врло често могу да буду одлучујуће у прогнози исхода болести, нарочито у фази реконваленсценције после оперативног захвата. Стога обавезан вид терапије после оперативног третмана јесте надокнада течности и електролита, примена глукогенопластичних једињења и раствора глукозе, апликација нестероидних антиинфламаторних лекова и антибиотика. Пре свега треба надокнадити концентрације натријума, калијума и хлора који су редовно нижи од физиолошких вредности код оболелих животиња. Данас се сматра да се рехидратација растворима електролита треба обавити пре операције интравенски, а да после оперативног третмана растворе електролита треба давати перорално.Displacement of the abomasum is a critical health problem in the pathology of the digestive tract of high-yielding cows. Displacement of the abomasum represents a topographical gastropathy that occurs in multiple forms: left displaced abomasum, right displaced abomasum and torsed abomasum. Depending on the form of abomasal displacement, several treatment options have been developed, ranging from conservative methods and classical surgical techniques to minimally invasive laparoscopic procedures. Although surgery is an indispensable part of the treatment of displaced abomasum; however, conservative (drug) aproach is considered as very important part of the treatement, both before and after surgery. Pathophysiology of displacement of the abomasum can involve hemoconcentration (dehydration), lipomobilization, metabolic alkalosis and inflammation. Hemoconcentration occurs as a result of severe dehydration when contents can't pass from the rumen and abomasum into the intestines. The highest degree of dehydration occurs in cows with right displaced abomasum. Dehydration of the body itself can be diagnosed relatively easily by clinical examination methods, while changes in the concentration of biochemical parameters of the blood and electrolytes in the blood can only be diagnosed in the laboratory. These changes can very frequently be decisive in the prognosis of the outcome of this disease, especially in the convalescence phase after surgery. So, after surgery, it's essential to provide therapy that includes replacing fluids and electrolytes, giving gluconeoplastic compounds and glucose solution, and administering non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics. First of all, the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chlorine, which are regularly lower than physiological values in sick animals, should be compensated. Today, it is believed that rehydration with electrolyte solutions should be performed intravenously before surgery and that after surgical treatment, electrolyte solutions should be administered orally.Zbornik radov
Outbreak and control of African swine fever in the Republic of Srpska (BiH) in 2023
No full textAfrican swine fever is a particularly dangerous infectious disease of domestic and wild pigs. The disease
is not zoonotic, but it causes great economic damage. The causative agent of the disease is a virus from
the Asfarviridae family. The disease was previously limited to Africa, but in recent decades it has spread to
Europe, Asia and other parts of the world. International trade and transport contribute to the global spread
of ASF. The wide distribution of domestic and wild pigs complicates control measures, as wild reservoirs
can serve as a source of infection for domestic pigs. This paper analyses key aspects of the epidemiology of
African swine fever, including the first detection of infection, the number of cases per municipality, the mode
of transmission, the geographical spread by days and months, the number and size of farms affected, risk
factors, establishment of restrictive zones, field sanitation and crisis management.
The first case was detected in the Municipality of Bijeljina, which also had the highest total number of cases
during the year. Epidemiological investigation could not precisely identify the source of infection, but it
is more likely that the virus was introduced from a neighboring country, by wild boars or indirectly through
contaminated surfaces and food, fomites or Ornithodoros ticks. Risk factors include the movement and
transport of live pigs and pork products, inadequate biosecurity measures on farms and the presence of
vectors. In the Republic of Srpska, in the period from 22.6.2023 to 31.12.2023, the disease was detected
in 24 municipalities on 1,166 farms, where 48,325 pigs were harmlessly destroyed. The highest number of
outbreaks in a single day was recorded on the 41st day after the disease was first identified. On average,
41 pigs were kept on each affected farm. On all farms where ASF was confirmed, all affected pigs were euthanized
and safely disposed of by deep burial on the ground, applying all necessary measures to prevent
further spreading of the disease. The total direct damage is estimated at around 13 million euros. Despite the
successful control of the disease, certain weaknesses have been identified that contributed to the spread of
the disease, such as the inability to fence off restricted areas and prevent the movement of animals, the lack
of sufficient sanitary abattoirs, insufficient involvement of local authorities in ensuring sufficient logistical
equipment and materials and determining places for burying animals.Abstract Boo
Izolacija i genetska karakterizacija virusa afričke kuge svinja u Srbiji u periodu 2019-2023. godine
No full textOva studija predstavlja prvi sveobuhvatan izveštaj o molekularnim karakteristikama sojeva virusa afričke kuge svinja (AKS) u Srbiji u periodu od 2019. do 2023. godine. Od prvog izbijanja bolesti u julu 2019. godine, bolest je registrovana kod divljih i domaćih svinja što je dovelo do smanjenja broja svinja u Srbiji za više od 19,7 %. U ovoj studiji, izvršena je molekularna analiza 95 sojeva virusa afričke kuge svinja iz 12 upravnih okruga u kojima je potvrđena bolest. Sekvenciranje je obuhvatilo četiri genska markera: B646L, E183L, B602L, i intergensku regiju (IGR) između gena I73R-I329L. Pored toga, izvršeno je i sekvenciranje celog genoma pet sojeva uključujući one koji su izazvali pojavu bolesti 2019. godine. Na primarnim kulturama tkiva poreklom od alveolarnih makrofaga i leukocita svinja, izvršena je izolacija virusa i to na primarnim leukocitima je uspešnost izolacije iznosila 72,7 %, dok je na alveolarnim makrofagama svinja iznosila 91,3 %. Prostorno-vremenskom analizom pojave AKS kod divljih svinja u periodu od 2020. do 2023. godine otkrivenoje postojanje pet klastera, dva u periodu 2020-2021, jedan u 2022, i dva u 2023. godini. Svi analizirani sojevi virusa AKS iz perioda 2019-2023. pripadaju genotipu II. Na osnovu analize nukleotidnih sekvenci srpskih sojeva utvrđeno je postojanje više podgrupa, kao i dve linije na osnovu CVR B602L gena od kojih je jedna identična sa referentnim sojem iz Gruzije, a druga sa mutacijom T318A. Takođe, po prvi put u Srbiji je identifikovana dominantna IGR II, kao i IGR III linija. Sekvenciranjem celih genoma virusa AKS ustanovljene su značajne mutacije u genima NP1450L, ECO2, O174L, K145R, MGF, grupi gena ACD, kao i delecija u genu L60L. Svi izolovani virusi su pokazali efekat hemadsorpcije i klasifikovani su u istu serogrupu kao i referentni soj Georgia 2007/1. Retrospektivnom analizom utvrđeno je da su dva nezavisna izbijanja AKS u 2019. godini proistekla iz različitih izvora, što dodatno ukazuje na složenost situacije i potrebu za nastavkom istraživanja radi boljeg razumevanja i kontrole širenja bolesti
Otitis externa – how to keep symptoms under control
No full textUpala spoljašnje ušnog kanala (Otitis externa) je često oboljenje pasa (20%), a znatno ređe se javlja kod mačaka (2%). U spoljašnjem ušnom kanalu prisutni su mikroorganizmi koji čine fiziološku mikrofloru, poput Staphylococcus sp., Escherchia coli, Corynebacteria, Malassezia pachydermatis, pa čak i prolazne bakterije: Proteus vulgaris, Enterococcus sp. i Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mnogi faktori mogu da dovedu do upale spoljašnjeg ušnog kanala. Razlikujemo predisponirajuće, primarne, sekundarne i potpomažuće faktore. Predisponirajući faktori povećavaju rizik, primarni direktno izazivaju upalu spoljašnjeg ušnog kanala, dok je sekundarni potpomažući komplikuju i otežavaju izlečenje. U početnoj fazi upale spoljašnjeg ušnog kanala najčešće je prisutan samo jednostrani ili obostrani aurikularni pruritus ili bol. Životinja trese glavom, češe uvo ili ga trlja o podlogu, a ponekad drži glavu nakrivljenu na bolesnu stranu. Prisutan je eksudat iz ušnog kanala neprijatnog mirisa. Ušna školjka je edematozna i eritematozna, a životinja bolno reaguje na palpaciju aurikularne hrskavice. Hematom i piotraumatski dermatitis lateralne strane ušne školjke se javljaju kod dužeg toka bolesti, kao posledica aurikularnog pruritusa. Dijagnoza se postavlja na osnovu istorije bolesti, kliničke slike, pregleda otoskopom, nativnim i citološkim pregledom ušnog sekreta. Terapija upale spoljašnjeg ušnog kanala prevashodno se sastoji u identifikaciji i otklanjanju predisponirajućih i primarnih faktora. Međutim, čišćenje spoljašnjeg ušnog kanala, aplikacija topikalnih i sistemskih terapeutika je neophodna za efikasnu eliminaciju ili kontrolu primarnih i sekundarnih faktora. Najčešće se primenjuju kapi za uši koje su kombinacija glukokortikosteroida, antibakterijskih, antimikotičnih i antiparazitskih supstanci.Inflammation of the external ear canal (Otitis externa) is a common disease in dogs (20%), and much less common in cats (2%). Physiological microflora in the external ear canal include numerous microorganisms, such as Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Corynebacteria, Malassezia pachydermatis, and even transient bacteria: Proteus vulgaris, Enterococcus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Any factors can lead to inflammation of the external ear canal. We distinguish predisposing, primary, secondary and contributing factors. Predisposing factors increase the risk, primary directly cause inflammation of the external ear canal, while secondary and contributing factors complicate it and make tht healing proces difficult. In the initial phase of inflammation of the external ear canal, only unilateral or bilateral auricular pruritus or pain is most often present. The animal shakes its head, scratches the ear or rubs it against the surface, and sometimes keeps its head tilted to the affected side. There is an unpleasant smelling exudate from the ear canal. The auricle is edematous and erythematous, and the animal reacts painfully to palpation of the auricular cartilage. Hematoma and pyotraumatic dermatitis of the lateral side of the auricle occur in the longer course of the disease, as a result of auricular pruritus. The diagnosis is made on the basis of the medical history, clinical picture, otoscopic examination, native and cytological examination of the ear secretion. Treatment of otitis externa primarily consists of identifying and eliminating predisposing and primary factors. However, cleaning the external ear canal, application of topical and systemic therapeutics are necessary for effective elimination or control of primary and secondary factors. Ear drops are most often used, which are a combination of glucocorticosteroids, antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic substances.Zbornik radov