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Aktuelne i zanemarene zoonoze u maloj praksi
No full textOd svih bolesti koje su uzrokovane patogenim uzročnicima, oko 61
procenat su zoonotske prirode. a približno 75 procenata novootkrivenih zaraznih bolesti
su zoonoze. Zoonoze se sa pasa, mačaka, ptica i drugih kućnih ljubimaca na čoveka mogu
preneti direktnim kontaktom, preko pljuvačke, krvi, urina, izmeta ili drugih telesnih
tečnosti. Infekcija se može preneti neposrednim kontaktom tokom kliničkog pregleda,
hirurške intervencije, obdukcije, dodirivanjem ili maženjem životinje, kao i ugrizom ili
grebanjem. Indirektnim kontaktom, zoonoze se mogu preneti na veterinarsko osoblje ili
vlasnike životinja preko kontaminiranih predmeta ili površina kao što su staništa za kućne
ljubimce, kavezi ili posude za vodu i hranu. Zoonoze se mogu preneti i vektorima
kao što su krpelji, buve i komarci. Zoonozama, kao profesionalnom oboljenju su posebno
izloženi veterinari, studenti veterinarske medicine, odgajivači i vlasnici kućnih ljubimaca.Zbornik predavanj
Effect of different amounts of live yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in feed on the economic efficiency of broiler fattening
No full textThis study was conducted to assess the impact of supplementing broiler feed with two different concentrations (0.25 g/kg and 0.65 g/kg) of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) over a 42-day fattening period on the economic efficiency of broiler production. The data collected for body weight (BW), survival rate (SR), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were utilized to calculate the European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF) and the European Broiler Index (EBI) for the entire rearing period. Broilers in the group receiving 0.25 g/kg of yeast (E-I group) exhibited statistically significantly higher (p<0.05) EPEF and EBI values compared to both the control group (C) and the group receiving 0.65 g/kg of yeast (E-II group), primarily due to improved production performance. Specifically, in the E-I group, the average values for BW, ADG and FCR were 2.611±0.247 kg, 61.14±5.00 g/day and 1.71±0.017, respectively. In the E-II group, these parameters were 2.548±0.270 kg, 59.64±4.80 g/day and 1.73±0.012, whereas the control group showed values of 2.499±0.386 kg, 58.50±4.14 g/day and 1.76±0.013. The survival rate (SR) was 100% across all groups. The calculated EPEF for the E-I group (363.41±25.45) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of both the E-II group (350.67±27.24) and the control group (338.07±26.58). Moreover, the EPEF of the E-II group was also significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the control. A similar trend was observed in the EBI values: the E-I group achieved the highest value (357.54±25.25), followed by the E-II group (344.91±26.01) and the control group (332.39±25.91), with all differences being statistically significant (p<0.05). These findings suggest a dose-dependent effect of yeast supplementation, whereby the lower dose (0.25 g/kg) yields the most beneficial outcomes, likely through improved gut health and enhanced nutrient absorption. Conversely, the higher dose (0.65 g/kg) does not confer additional benefits and may even be counterproductive.Book of abstract
Determining the presence of Escherichia coli in mussels in Montenegro in the period 2022-2023.
No full textThis paper explores the biological diversity of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, its
ecological functions, and its economic importance for local communities. By analyzing
the ecological roles of mussels in the preservation of ecosystems, as well as their
contribution to the local economy through fishing and aquaculture, the work provides a
comprehensive insight into their importance and the threats they face. The aim of this
study is to analyze the presence of the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) and determine
statistical significance in mussels collected from three different locations in Montenegro:
Herceg Novi, Tivat, and Kotor. The analyses were carried out during different seasons,
in a period of two years, 2022 and 2023. This approach enabled a detailed analysis of
seasonal variations in the level of mussel contamination. Preliminary results show that
the highest concentrations of E. coli were recorded during the summer months, which
can be associated with increased tourist activities and a greater load on the sewage
system. The lowest levels of contamination were registered during the winter months.
This reduction occurs because tourist and industrial activity decreases, resulting in less
waste and wastewater production. Furthermore, precipitation and winds that dilute
pollutants increase, while lower temperatures slow down biological processes. Among
the localities analyzed, samples from Kotor showed the highest average concentration
of E. coli, while samples from Herceg Novi had the lowest values. These results indicate
significant differences in the degree of pollution between localities and seasons, which
can have serious consequences for human health, and the ecosystem. The presence of E.
coli in mussels directly threatens the safety of food products, because the consumption
of contaminated mussels can lead to various gastrointestinal diseases. Also, long-term
pollution can disrupt the balance of marine ecosystems, affecting biodiversity and the
stability of mussel populations
Glycosylation changes in dairy calf IgG heavy chains during pre-ruminant to ruminant transition: pilot study
No full textAlthough IgG heavy chain glycans play a crucial role in mediating immunoglobulin G
(IgG) effector functions, data on their structure in cattle remain limited. This study
investigated whether pre-ruminant to ruminant transition in dairy calves is associated
with changes in the expression of terminal galactose (Gal) and sialic acid (SA) on their
IgG heavy chain glycans.
The study was conducted using pooled serum samples from four groups of 20 calves,
with median ages of 48±9, 75±7, 103±7, and 141±8 days (Group I, II, III, and IV,
respectively). Gal and SA expression on affinity-isolated serum IgG heavy chains was
analyzed by Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA I) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA)
lectin blots.
Gal and SA were expressed on IgG heavy chains of all age groups. The expression of
Gal was highest in the youngest calves (Group I) and decreased by 40%, 53%, and 62%
in Groups II, III, and IV, respectively. In contrast, SA expression was lowest in Group
I, increased sharply in Group II (2.9 times higher than in Group I), remained stable in
Group III, and slightly decreased in Group IV. The Gal-to-SA ratio in Group I was 5
to 6 times higher than in the older groups.
This study highlights the dynamic changes in glycosylation of calf IgG molecules during
preruminant to ruminant transition. Remains to be determined whether observed agedependent increase in SA expression might represent an adaptation to the evolving
gastrointestinal microbiome in this period, when shifting toward sialylated, antiinflammatory IgG that may help protect immature tissues from inflammatory damage
The importance of consuming long-ripened cheeses in human nutrition
No full textCheese as a food takes a very important place in human diet. According to definition of the FAO/WHO expert group, cheese is a fresh or matured product obtained from milk after protein coagulation and separation of whey from milk, cream, partially skimmed milk, buttermilk, or a mixture of these semi-products. Cheeses available at local markets in the Republic of Serbia are produced in individual households, either from raw or boiled milk, originating from different geographical regions. In the production of these cheeses, coagulation is achieved by adding rennet to milk, without use of known starter cultures, which implies that ripening process is driven solely by the natural microbiota of milk. In industrial production, starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria and proteolytic enzymes are additionally employed. According to current legislative, cheeses are classified as non-ripened and ripened cheeses in retail.
Ripened cheeses undergo a defined ripening period during which specific biochemical and physical changes occur, resulting in distinctive sensory characteristics. In long-ripened cheeses, bioactive peptides are generated, with their concentration increasing up to two months of ripening, followed by a decline due to hydrolysis. Bioactive peptides are sequences of 5 to 30 amino acids, which may, beyond their nutritional value, exert beneficial effects on human health. These biopeptides have been attributed with antihypertensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancerogenic, and immunomodulatory activities. The target group of consumers of such cheeses should primarily include adults over the age of thirty, due to their increased predisposition to cardiovascular and other diseases. The continuous effort to improve quality of life is closely linked to the consumption of foods that not only provide nutritional value but also exert a positive impact on health. In this context, the aim of this article is to highlight the role of bioactive peptides in cheese, as specific protein fragments with potentially beneficial biological, biochemical, and/or physiological effects on the human organism.Zbornik radov
The spread of antimicrobial resistance through the food chain: The role of ESKAPE bacteria with a focus on meat and meat products
No full textESKAPE bakterije (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa i Enterobacter spp.) široko su rasprostranjene
u životnoj sredini i često se izoluju iz mesa i drugih prehrambenih proizvoda. Njihovo
prisustvo naročito izaziva zabrinutost u zdravstvenim ustanovama, gde stalna smena pacijenata
i medicinskog osoblja otežava održavanje sterilnih uslova i primenu adekvatnih higijenskih mera.
Iako ne izazivaju uobičajene simptome kao patogeni koji se prenose hranom, ove bakterije se
ipak smatraju oportunističkim uzročnicima infekcija. Jedan od ključnih faktora koji doprinosi
razvoju njihove otpornosti jeste prekomerna i neadekvatna upotreba antimikrobnih sredstava,
naročito u stočnoj ishrani, gde se koriste za podsticanje rasta.
Takva praksa dovodi do selekcije bakterijskih sojeva sa visokim stepenom antimikrobne rezistencije.
Kod ovih bakterija prisutni su geni koji im omogućavaju otpornost na delovanje antimikrobnih
sredstava (AMR), geni se lako prenose sa jedne bakterije na drugu, čak i između
različitih vrsta. Time se rezistencija brzo širi, što dodatno otežava lečenje infekcija. Poseban
razlog za zabrinutost jeste mogućnost prenosa AMR gena na ljude putem konzumiranja mesa
životinja koje su tretirane antimikrobnim sredstvima na neodgovarajući način.
Ovo dodatno naglašava značaj pr istupa „Jedno zdravlje“, koji podrazumeva zajedničko
delovanje humanog, veterinarskog i ekološkog sektora u borbi protiv antimikrobne rezistencije.
Obezbeđivanje bezbedne hrane danas ne znači samo kontrolu mikrobioloških rizika, već i aktivno
suočavanje sa izazovima koje nosi AMR. Pored toga, postoji potreba za boljim nadzorom upotrebe
antimikrobnih lekova, kako u humanoj, tako i u veterinarskoj medicini. Ovaj sažetak prati posterprezentaciju
koja ima za cilj da pruži pregled načina na koji geni antimikrobne rezistencije, koje
nose ESKAPE bakterije, prelaze sa životinja na ljude putem konzumacije mesa i proizvoda od mesa.ESKAPE bacteria (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and E nterobacter spp.) are widely
distributed in the environment and are frequently isolated from meat and other food products.
Their presence is especially concerning in healthcare settings, where the constant movement
of patients and medical staff makes it difficult to maintain sterility and implement proper hygiene
practices. While these bacteria do not commonly cause clinical symptoms similar to those
associated with typical foodborne pathogens, they are regarded as opportunistic pathogens.
The excessive and improper use of antimicrobial agents, including their application in animal
feed to enhance growth, has significantly contributed to the selection of bacterial strains with
high resistance levels.
These bacteria possess antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, which can be easily transmitted
through horizontal gene transfer between bacteria of the same or different species, accelerating
the spread of resistance. One major concern is that AMR genes can be passed to humans
through the consumption of meat derived from animals that have been improperly treated with
antimicrobials. This highlights the critical importance of a One Health approach when addressing
antimicrobial resistance. Ensuring food safety requires not only controlling microbiological hazards
but also tackling the issue of AMR. Additionally, there is a need for improved surveillance
of antimicrobial drug usage in both human and veterinary medicine.
This abstract accompanies a poster presentation that aims to provide an overview of how AMR
genes carried by ESKAPE bacteria are transmitted from animals to humans through the consumption
of meat and meat products.Knjiga apstrakat
Sezonska varijacija mikrobiološke kontaminacije u lancu proizvodnje živinskog mesa
No full textPoboljšanje uslova za bezbedniji život stanovništva je jedan od glavnih zadataka
svakog društva. Kada se govori o kvalitetu života, tu se svakako podrazumeva briga o proizvodnji,
distribuciji, kao i o kvalitetu hrane za bezbedniji život ljudske populacije i čitavog ekosistema.
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita stepen i sezonska varijacija mikrobiološke kontaminacije
trupova živine u jednoj klanici koja se nalazi na teritoriji Vojvodine, u Republici Srbiji, u jednogodišnjem
periodu. Kriterijumi higijene u lancu proizvodnje živinskog mesa, određena su Pravilnikom
o opštim i posebnim uslovima higijene u bilo kojoj fazi proizvodnje, prerade i prometa (“Sl. Glasnik
RS”, br. 72/2010 i 62/2018) i to su Salmonella spp. i Campylobacter spp., bakterija koja je
ocenjena kao prioritetni hazard živinskog mesa. Na osnovu rezultata ovog istraživanja može
se zaključiti da je higijena procesa proizvodnje u objektu za proizvodnju i preradu mesa živine
tokom čitavog perioda ispitivanja bio zadovoljavajući.
Od ukupno 60 ispitanih uzoraka, iz 45 uzoraka (75%) izolovana je Campylobacter spp., dok je
u 15 uzoraka (25%) broj bakterija bio ispod granice detekcije. U svim pozitivnim uzorcima broj
Campylobacter spp bio je ispod granične vrednosti (1000 CFU/g), a ni u jednom uzorku nije
zabeleženo prisustvo Salmonella spp. Najmanji broj kampiolobakterija izolovan je iz uzoraka
vrata živine zaklane u zimskom periodu godine, i taj broj je bio ispod same granice detekcije,
dok je najveći broj bakterija (2.806±0.1831 log CFU/g) izolovan iz uzoraka vrata živine zaklane
u julu mesecu, što govori o uticaju godišnjeg doba, odnosno klimatskih varijacija na prisustvo
i broj ovih bakterija.Knjiga apstrakat
The high larval burden of Trichinella britovi in wild boar in Serbia
No full textDuring a routine analysis of a wild boar diaphragm, a signifi cant infestation with Trichinella spp. was
found, larvae were identifi ed, with a larval burden of 767 larvae per gram (LPG) of muscle tissue. To
our knowledge, this is the largest infection detected to date in Serbia. By employing a polymerase
chain reaction (PCR), the Trichinella britovi was the only species identifi ed. The high LPG levels
found in this study suggest that game meat has not been examined for the presence of Trichinella
spp. pose a signifi cant risk to human health and could potentially lead to fatal outcomes. Furthermore,
this fi nding confi rms the importance of wild boars as a source of infection of T. britovi in Serbia.
Keywords: high larval burden; Trichinella britovi; Serbia; wildlif
New, threatening, dangerous infectious diseases in the region: level of threat in the Republic of Serbia
No full textBroj infektivnih bolesti, bilo kontagioznih, ili onih koje se prenose
vektorima, vodom i hranom je u stalnom porastu. U vreme kada
priroda troši svoje, čini se, poslednje kompenzatorne kapacitete, bar
kada su klimatske promene u pitanju, posledice za medicinu, biologiju,
poljoprivredu, ekonomiju i ostale oblasti, postaju sve očiglednije.
Pojava kuge malih preživara, boginja ovaca i koza, novih serotipova
bolesti plavog jezika, epizootskе hemoragičnе bolesti, na neki način
skreću pažnju sa višegodišnje panzootije avijarne influence, koja postaje
pretnja ne samo za zdravlje životinja već i ljudi. Nedavno izbijanje
slinavke i šapa u Nemačkoj kod bivola ukazuje da ni jedna zemlja
ne može biti u potpunosti sigurna kada su zarazne bolesti u pitanju.
Činjenica da se situacija u oblasti infektivnih bolesti sve više komplikuje
u regionu, ali i čitavom svetu, utiče na sve veću ugroženost i naše
zemlje koja se poslednju deceniju bori sa brojnim naročito opasnim
bolestima. Pitanja sa kojima treba da se suočimo su mnogobrojna, a
posebno je značajno oceniti da li stari načini kontrole i eradikacije treba
da budu podvrgnuti reviziji imajući u vidu da i pored njih, broj prekograničnih
bolesti beleži stalni porast. Ne treba zaboraviti ni sve teže
stanje sa zdravljem pčela i širenja novih parazita koji nikada nisu ustanovljeni
u pojedinim delovima sveta.The number of infectious diseases, whether contagious or transmitted by vectors,
water and food, is constantly increasing. At a time when nature seems to be using up
its last compensatory capacities, at least as far as climate change is concerned, the
consequences for biology, medicine, agriculture, economy and other areas are becoming
much clearer. The emergence and spread of peste des petits ruminants, sheep and goat
pox and new serotypes of bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic disease, distract somewhat
from the perennial avian influenza pandemic, which is becoming a threat not only to animal
health but also to humans. The recent outbreak of foot and mouth disease in buffalo in
Germany shows that no country is completely safe when it comes to infectious diseases.
The fact that the situation in the field of infectious diseases in the region, but also throughout
the world, is becoming more and more complicated also has an impact on the increasing
vulnerability of our country in the last decade. We must ask ourselves whether the methods
of control and eradication should be reconsider, as the number of transboundary diseases
is constantly increasing. Not to mention the increasingly difficult situation of bee health and
the spread of new parasites that have never been seen in certain parts of the world.Zbornik predavanj
Application of conventional and molecular methods in the diagnosis of dermatophytes
No full textDermatofitoza je oboljenje životinja i ljudi koje se manifestuje promenama
na koži, perju, dlaci i rožnim tvorevinama. Najčešći uzročnici
dermatofitoze kod kućnih ljubimaca su Microsporum canis, Nannizzia
gypsea i Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Iako često samoograničavajuće,
ovo oboljenje je značajno u veterinarskoj medicini zbog svojih
pleomorfnih kliničkih manifestacija, veoma kontagiozne prirode, kao
i zoonoznog potencijala, posebno u slučaju kućnih ljubimaca. Pravovremena
i tačna dijagnoza ključna je ne samo za uspešno lečenje, već
i za sprečavanje širenja bolesti na druge životinje i ljude. U literaturi
su opisane tri osnovne tehnike uzorkovanja materijala u slučaju sumnje
na kožnu formu dermatofitoze, kao i veći broj dijagnostičkih metoda.
Među najvažnijim dijagnostičkim metodama su primena Woodove
lampe, dermoskopija, direktni pregled dlake i/ili ljuspi, izolacija dermatofita
na hranljivim podlogama i njihova identifikacija bojenjem laktofenolom
i mikroskopskim pregledom konidija. Pored konvencionalnih
metoda, u dijagnostičke svrhe sve češće primenjuju se i molekularne
metode. Ovaj proces zahteva specijalizovane protokole za ekstrakciju
DNK iz uzoraka dlake koji obuhvata razgradnju otpornih gljivičnih ćelija
i oslobađanje DNK. Nakon ekstrakcije, sprovodi se nested PCR sa
ciljem amplifikacije ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) i 5.8S regiona,
što omogućava identifikaciju izolata do nivoa vrste. Nested PCR se
izvodi prema standardizovanom protokolu, uz primenu horizontalne
gel elektroforeze radi vizualizacije i analize dobijenih PCR produkata.Dermatophytosis is a disease affecting animals and humans, characterized by
changes in the skin, feathers, hair, and keratinized structures. The most common
causative agents of dermatophytosis in companion animals are Microsporum canis,
Nannizzia gypsea, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Although often self-limiting, this
disease holds significant importance in veterinary medicine due to its pleomorphic clinical
manifestations, infectious and contagious nature, and zoonotic potential, particularly in
the context of companion animals. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for successful
treatment and preventing the spread of the disease to other animals and humans. The
literature describes three primary techniques for sampling material in suspected cases
of cutaneous dermatophytosis, along with several diagnostic methods. Among the most
essential methods are using a Wood’s lamp, dermoscopy, direct examination of hair and/
or scales, isolation of dermatophytes on nutrient media, and their identification through
lactophenol staining and microscopic examination of conidia. In addition to conventional methods, molecular methods are increasingly used for diagnostic purposes. This process
requires specialized protocols for DNA extraction from hair samples, which include the
degradation of resistant fungal cells and the release of DNA. After extraction, nested PCR
is performed to amplify the ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) and 5.8S regions, enabling
the identification of isolates at the species level. Nested PCR is conducted according to
a standardized protocol, with horizontal gel electrophoresis employed to visualize and
analyze the resulting PCR products.Zbornik predavanj