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From Housing Gains to Pension Losses: New Methods to Reveal Wealth Inequality Dynamics in Chile
No full textThis paper examines wealth inequality dynamics in Chile from 2007 to 2021, focusing on two key macroeconomic events: the sharp rise in housing prices after the introduction of a real estate value-added tax in 2016 and the substantial liquidation of pension assets through early withdrawals during the pandemic. We introduce a methodological innovation that aims to improve the measurement of wealth inequality by integrating administrative pension fund records into household wealth surveys using machine learning techniques. Our results reveal extreme levels of wealth concentration, with the top 10% holding approximately two-thirds of national private wealth. However, inequality slightly declined over the period, particularly after 2016, as the outcome of two opposing forces: housing appreciation, which benefited middle-class households, and pension fund withdrawals, which disproportionately reduced wealth at the lower end of the distribution
Digital Humanities and the Notion of Corpus in Ancient History
No full textInternational audienceAlthough ancient historians routinely create and exploit document corpora, and the notion of corpus is recognized as central in historiography, there has been little methodological focus on coming to a unified approach to the design and use of corpora. The massive expanse of digital information and processing capabilities over the past few years has also led to a diversity of approaches. After reviewing the history of the use of corpora in historiography, we examine how ancient historians have taken possession of digital practice, and how it has interacted with the notions and uses of textual corpora: there are many diverse and somewhat incompatible methodological perspectives on historical corpora. Next, we show how the digital textual corpus, as an input into historiography, should exist anymore as an object and should be seen as a process or a pipeline. Then, its multiple and sometimes opposite perceptions can be unified, at the same time making history more scientific in the sense of Lucien Febvre’s definition, for whom history is the scientifically elaborated narration of humankind’s activities
Unravelling ceramic content and organic coatings in Senegalese ethnographic pottery vessels
No full textInternational audienceEthnoarchaeological studies have highlighted a wide variety of organic coatings used by contemporary potters' communities. Previous analyses have demonstrated the absorption of organic molecules from coatings in pottery, but these were mainly based on experimental approaches using only a few products, without considering the complexity of the chaînes opératoires of pottery manufacture. This study addresses the question of the identification of organic coatings, by investigating ethnographic vessels from three different pottery traditions in southern Senegal which involve such surface treatments. Coated pots are analysed before and after use, combining macro-and mesoscopic observations alongside biomolecular investigations. Based on observational criteria, this work highlights the partial degradation of the organic coatings during the initial use of the pottery, with an almost complete disappearance of visual clues observed after some months of use. Biomolecular analyses confirm that lipids from coating products can be absorbed. Yet, once the container has been used, it becomes challenging to distinguish between the coating products and the contents. However, one pottery displays molecular compounds that may originated from the coating product. These findings underscore the need to consider the entire life cycle of a ceramic vessel to ascertain the origin of the organic compounds trapped in its matrix. This origin may be traced back to either to the manufacturing stages of the vessel or to its use
Les data papers dans l'écosystème Recherche Data Gouv
No full textInternational audienceCe chapitre décrit la mise en place de l’écosystème Recherche Data Gouv en France et analyse la place des data papers dans ce nouvel environnement (ateliers de la donnée, centres de références thématiques, etc.). En particulier, il évoque la génération d’une ébauche de data paper par l’entrepôt national et la connexion avec les revues scientifiques
Des lycéens qui font des croquis en anglais : quels apprentissages géographiques ?
No full textNational audienc
Réforme du salaire journalier de référence et trajectoires professionnelles
No full textLa réforme du salaire journalier de référence est entrée en vigueur le 1er octobre 2021 dans le cadre d’une refonte globale de l’Assurance chômage en France. Pour les demandeurs d’emploi ayant alterné périodes travaillées et de non-travaillées avant d’accéder à une indemnisation, cette réforme allonge la durée maximale des allocations chômage tout en en réduisant le montant.Cette étude évalue l’impact de cette réforme sur les trajectoires professionnelles, en tenant compte de l’exposition hétérogène des individus à la réforme. Celle-ci dépend directement du temps passé sans emploi entre le premier et le dernier jour travaillé au cours des deux dernières années
L'effet neutralisateur de l'exercice d'un droit fondamental sur la répression pénale
No full textInternational audience(Crim. 8 janvier 2025, no 23-80.226
Late Mid-Pleistocene hominin fire control inferred from sooty speleothem analysis
No full textInternational audienceThe origin of fire control is considered a major turning point in human evolution and remains a highly debated albeit central subject in archaeology. Studying paleo-fires is challenging because of taphonomic phenomena that alter combustion structures and hinder the identification of the oldest hearths. Moreover, hearths do not record all fire events and do not provide a chronological record of fire. In contrast, speleothems, carbonated cave deposits, can preserve evidence of ancient fires, including soot traces, and these features can be dated directly using radiometric methods. Orgnac 3, an important archaeological sequence in Western Europe, provides a case study on the origins of habitual fire use in this region during the transition between the Lower and Middle Paleolithic. This paper presents the first documented record of over 20 fire events at this ancient site. The habitual use of fire by Mid-Pleistocene hominins at the site is well documented within sooty speleothems, as opposed to relying on scattered and rare traces. The soot deposit sequence at Orgnac 3 is the strongest and best-documented evidence of repeated fire use at the site to date. The robust fire-use chronology is established using stratigraphic U-Th dating of the speleothem. The soot record at Orgnac 3, testifying to fire events during both dry and wet periods, supports the hypothesis that Mid-Pleistocene hominins could control fire around 270,000 years ago in the Rhone Valley, with the possible ability to light it, or at least maintain it over a long term
Mégara Hyblaea. Études des productions céramiques d’époque classique et hellénistique. La campagne 2024 : étude de la céramique sicéliote à figures noires de IVe siècle
No full textInternational audienceEn collaboration avec MEGA, un programme structurant de l’EFR, le Centre Jean Bérard est chargé d’étudier l’ensemble des productions céramiques d’époques classique et hellénistique . Depuis quelques années l’équipe s’est concentrée sur une importante sélection de fragments réalisée par François Villard au cours des fouilles menées entre 1949 et 1978, vraisemblablement dans la zone à l’ouest de l’agora .Une mission a été organisée cette année sur le site du 27 octobre au 1er novembre 2024, comprenant Pr. Munzi, Cl. Pouzadoux et S. Barresi. Au cours de cette campagne l’attention a porté sur l’étude de la céramique sicéliote décorée dans la technique à figures noires du IVe siècle et en particulier sur les lekythoi de type « Pagenstecher »
Do Financial Concerns Make Workers Less Productive?
No full textInternational audienceWorkers who are worried about their personal finances may find it hard to focus at work. If so, reducing financial concerns could increase productivity. We test this hypothesis in a sample of low-income Indian piece-rate manufacturing workers. We stagger when wages are paid out: some workers are paid earlier and receive a cash infusion while others remain liquidity constrained. The cash infusion leads workers to reduce their financial concerns by immediately paying off debts and buying household essentials. Subsequently, they become more productive at work: their output increases by 7% (0.11 std. dev.), and they make fewer costly, unintentional mistakes. Workers with more cash on hand thus not only work faster but also more attentively, suggesting improved cognition. These effects are concentrated among more financially constrained workers. We argue that mechanisms such as gift exchange or nutrition cannot account for our results. Instead, our findings suggest that financial strain, at least partly through psychological channels, has the potential to reduce earnings exactly when money is most needed