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En torno a la marginalización y la noción de acumulación territorial en la ciudad de Esmeraldas en Ecuador
No full textInternational audiencePretendemos contribuir a un entendimiento crítico de la noción de acumulación territorial a partir de una discusión de la marginalización. El caso de la ciudad de Esmeraldas (Ecuador) y el estado aparente de marginalidad en el cual se mantiene en el tiempo invitan a cuestionar los usos y efectos de la categoría analítica: acumulación. No pensamos la marginalidad de Esmeraldas como una característica esencial sino como un proceso histórico multifacético que afecta y se vale del territorio urbano de múltiples formas. El territorio se entiende como una construcción social tanto material como inmaterial. Refleja contextos, posiciones sociales, escalas. En base a ello, la acumulación territorial también remite a formas complejas de organizar el mundo social. La apropiación y la capitalización se fundamentan en las diferentes dimensiones de los territorios, no solamente económicas y políticas sino también étnicas, simbólicas, epistemológicas, prácticas, ambientales, etc. La acumulación territorial invita a considerar la diversidad de los mecanismos sociales involucrados, así como evidencia la diversidad de los caminos posibles para cuestionar dicho proceso o formular alternativas
Le pardon par la peine
No full textInternational audienceL’article soutient qu’on ne devrait pas envisager la relation entre le pardon et la peine seulement comme une relation d’exclusion ou d’addition, mais aussi comme une relation d’analogie. En effet, il existe entre le pardon et la peine une parenté structurelle (le processus et l’action indirecte) et fonctionnelle (transformer les personnes et leurs relations) qui, pour être aperçue, nécessite une idéalisation de la peine de prison et une réactivation de la théorie de la réforme
On the (Ir)Relevance of Discount Factors for Future Allocations of Scarce Resources
No full textThis article is interested in future allocations of scarce resources in an environment where upper bounds and lower bounds are fixed on the stream of consumptions or extractions of the scarce resource. It is shown that we can compute the optimal planning of consumptions independently from an explicit sequence of discounting factors as soon as they are decreasing at a rate smaller than a bound linked to the concavity of the utility function and the choice of the sequences of lower and upper bounds. The optimal solution is unique and exhibits two regimes with a pivotal period in the middle. Therefore, one gets plans satisfying some kind of intergenerational fairness: while the highest e ort is supported by the first generations, it then decreases for the remaining ones. The argument is then extended to partially renewable resources. Finally, we consider the role of the horizon and of a potential regret after a revision for the bounds
Inequality Bands: Seventy-five years of measuring income inequality in Latin America
No full textInternational audienceDrawing on a comprehensive compilation of quantile shares and inequality measures for 34 countries, including over 5,600 estimated Gini coefficients, we review the measurement of income inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean over the last seven decades. We find that there is quite a bit of uncertainty regarding inequality levels for the same country/year combinations. Differences in inequality levels estimated from household surveys alone are present but they derive from differences in the construction of the welfare indicator, the unit of analysis, or the treatment of the data. With harmonized household surveys, the discrepancies are quite small. The range, however, expands significantly when to correct for undercoverage and underreporting especially at the top of the distribution inequality estimates come from some combination of surveys and administrative tax data. The range increases even further when survey-based income aggregates are scaled to achieve consistency not only with tax registries but with National Accounts. Since no single method to correct for underreporting at the top is fully convincing at present, we are left with (often wide) ranges, or bands, of inequality as our best summaries of inequality levels. Reassuringly, however, the dynamic patterns are generally robust across the bands. Although the evidence roughly until the 1970s is too fragmentary and difficult to compare, clearer patterns emerge for the last fifty years. The main feature is a broad inverted U curve, with inequality rising in most countries prior to and often during the 1990s, and falling during the early 21st century, at least until around 2015, when trends appear to diverge across countries. This pattern is broadly robust but features considerable variation in timing and magnitude depending on the country
Chroniques insulaires dans le Pacifique Sud : 2000 ans de dynamiques familiales, biologiques et culturelles
No full textInternational audienc
La transformation des conventions de qualité artistique: Le cas des oeuvres du 1% artistique
No full textFrom the earliest years of its existence in France, the public commissioning scheme known as the 1% artistic contribution (to the cost of construction of public buildings) has been the subject of much criticism, fueling controversy surrounding contemporary art and the denunciation of avant-garde academicism. This paper departs from this critical sociology of cultural policy, based on the hypothesis of a plurality of conventions for evaluating the quality of 1% artworks. By taking a historical perspective (1951-2022), the analysis of artistic quality conventions provides a privileged vantage point from which to observe changes in the aims of this regulatory mechanism and the criticisms to which it is subjected. The text begins by characterizing each of the three periods distinguished with reference to a dominant quality convention supported by a certain type of ‘market intermediary’. In the fourth part, it offers a summary, showing the specific nature of each of these conventions, according to different characteristics, as well as their interrelationship.Dès les premières années de sa création en France, le dispositif de la commande publique dit du 1% artistique (du coût de la construction) a fait l’objet de nombreuses critiques qui ont alimenté les controverses autour de l’art contemporain et la dénonciation d’un académisme d’avant-garde. Ce texte s’éloigne de cette sociologie critique de la politique culturelle à partir de l’hypothèse d’une pluralité de conventions d’évaluation de la qualité de la commande publique. En retenant une perspective historique (1951-2022), l’analyse par les conventions de qualité artistique constitue un point d’observation privilégié des évolutions des finalités de ce dispositif réglementaire et des critiques dont il va faire l’objet. Le texte commence par caractériser chacune des trois périodes distinguées en référence à une convention de qualité dominante portée par un certain type d’intermédiaire. Dans une quatrième partie, il propose une synthèse en montrant la spécificité de chacune de ces conventions, suivant différentes caractéristiques, ainsi que leur intrication
A method for standardizing eye-tracking and behavioral data in real and virtual environments
No full textInternational audienceThis paper introduces a methodology for generating standardized and comparable eye-tracking and behavioral data across multiple modalities, in real and virtual environments. Our approach handles data collected using different devices, thereby enabling a comprehensive comparison between different modalities: a real environment, a virtual one using an immersive room setup, and another virtual environment using head-mounted displays. The versatility of this methodology is illustrated through an archaeological case study, in which the gaze patterns and behavioral responses of participants are analyzed while they interact with artifacts. However, this methodology is applicable to broader research areas involving eye tracking and behavior in mixed environments. By explaining a workflow for the preparation, data acquisition, and post-processing of data, our approach enables the generation of 3D eye-tracking and behavioral data. Subsequently, our presentation is accompanied by examples of metrics and visualization that are relevant in such a comparison study, providing insights into cross-modal behavioral and gaze pattern analysis
