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Friend-of-Friend Generative Model for Group Interactions
No full textInternational audienceGenerative models of network formation can offer heuristic explanations for microscopic mechanisms that give rise to the large-scale structures observed in empirical data. Yet, most existing models generate pairwise networks, while many social and physical systems involve interactions in groups. Here, we extend the friend-of-friend (FoF), also known as the triadic closure mechanism to hypergraph growth. The process relies on simple local rules describing how groups of pre-existing and newly arriving nodes form over time. Analytical results and simulations show that higher-order interactions broaden the degree distribution, increase edge overlaps, and induce a rich-club ordering absent in purely dyadic settings. We also show that increasing interaction order reorganizes community structure, yielding fewer communities at comparable modularity scores. Additionally, we calibrate our model on two empirical group-interaction datasets and benchmark it against a standard degree-driven growth baseline. The baseline better matches the extreme tail of the degree distribution, whereas the FoF model more accurately reproduces edge-overlap distributions and more closely matches the empirical community organization
Large Language Model and Formal Concept Analysis: a comparative study for Topic Modeling
No full textTopic modeling is a research field finding increasing applications: historically from document retrieving, to sentiment analysis and text summarization. Large Language Models (LLM) are currently a major trend in text processing, but few works study their usefulness for this task. Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) has recently been presented as a candidate for topic modeling, but no real applied case study has been conducted. In this work, we compare LLM and FCA to better understand their strengths and weakneses in the topic modeling field. FCA is evaluated through the CREA pipeline used in past experiments on topic modeling and visualization, whereas GPT-5 is used for the LLM. A strategy based on three prompts is applied with GPT-5 in a zero-shot setup: topic generation from document batches, merging of batch results into final topics, and topic labeling. A first experiment reuses the teaching materials previously used to evaluate CREA, while a second experiment analyzes 40 research articles in information systems to compare the extracted topics with the underling subfields
Rapport de recherche Transition Rapide et Juste des Élevages Bretons
No full textThis report, produced as part of the Trajé’Bretons project, aims to shed light on the various forms of energy transition in agriculture and to examine their implications in terms of economic performance, as well as environmental and social issues. Indeed, a socio-technical transition such as the energy transition entails major disruptions, particularly in the commitments and practices of the actors involved, foremost among them livestock farmers. The transformations brought about by these transitions require an inevitable reorganization of farms and affect not only their economic performance, but also employment, working conditions, farmers’ health, professional practices, and their relationship to their occupation and its role in society. Focusing on the case of Brittany (France), this report seeks to understand how farmers and agriculture are being reshaped through the implementation of the energy transition. These changes may be perceived as more or less fair, and as sufficiently rapid—or not—to contribute effectively to the energy transition required in response to the ongoing ecological crisis.Ce rapport, issu du projet Trajé’Bretons, a pour objectif d’apporter des éclairages sur les types de transition énergétique en agriculture et de comprendre ce que cela peut induire, au regard des objectifs de performances économiques, et des enjeux environnementaux et sociaux. En effet, une transition sociotechnique telle que la transition énergétique implique des ruptures importantes, notamment dans les modalités d’engagement et les pratiques des acteurs qui la mettent en œuvre, au premier rang desquels se situent ici les éleveurs. Les transformations induites par ces transitions supposent une réorganisation inévitable des exploitations agricoles et ont des effets non seulement sur leurs performances économiques mais aussi sur l’emploi, les conditions de travail, la santé des éleveurs, leurs pratiques professionnelles et leur rapport au métier et à sa place dans la société. A partir du cas de la Bretagne, l’objectif de ce rapport est de comprendre comment les agriculteurs et l’agriculture sont transformés par la mise en place de la transition énergétique. Ces transformations peuvent ensuite être perçues comme justes ou injustes, et comme suffisamment rapides ou non pour participer à la transition énergétique nécessaire face à la crise écologique en cours
Why should I comply with taxes if others don’t? Social information and behavioral convergence: An experimental study
No full textInternational audienceThis experimental study investigates the impact of social information about others’ tax behavior on individuals’subsequent tax decisions. Two types of social information are introduced: (i) the average income reportedwithin the subject’s entire group, and (ii) the average income reported within a reference subgroup made ofeither peers or non-peers and chosen by the subject. Our results show that social information significantlyaffects subsequent tax decisions, with a change in reported income ranging from 15% to 30% of total incomeon average. Moreover, the influence of whole-group information on tax behavior appears to be stronger thanthat of chosen-group information. Quite strikingly, a majority of subjects show more interest in the tax behaviorof non-peers than in that of peers. Finally, our data provide strong evidence of behavioral convergence towardsthe average tax behavior of others
Les classes d’animaux dans les œuvres d’al-Fārābī
No full textInternational audienceAl-Fārābī’s (d. 339/950-951) special interest in and appropriation of Aristotle’s biological corpus is increasingly recognized. Four passages can be identified where al-Fārābī seems to divide the animal genus into several categories: two in his review of Aristotle’s corpus (Falsafat Arisṭūṭālīs), and two in his Book of Political Governance (Kitāb al-Siyāsa al-madaniyya). Due to the recent recognition of al-Fārābī’s interest in Aristotelian biology, these excerpts have not yet received due attention. In this paper, we will attempt to assess the extent to which these presentations of animal classes relate to Aristotle’s work. We will consider the textual context in which al-Fārābī brings them up and explore his possible motivations for including them. It will become evident that the systems found in al-Fārābī’s works mirror some aspects of the History of Animals. Like Aristotle (if we are to trust Pierre Pellegrin’s interpretation), al-Fārābī did not adhere to one single fixed system of animal classification. Instead, he presented different groupings to highlight specific points he wanted to demonstrate. Thus, he provided a system that helps explain the function of animals in relation to a final cause, and another to position human beings within the animal world and, consequently, within the cosmos. With al-Fārābī, we have an example of an Islamicate philosopher adapting the Aristotelian device of classifying animals for the purpose of demonstration that goes beyond the study of non-human animals by offering a comprehensive reflection on the cosmos and its teleology.L’intérêt d’al-Fārābī (mort en 339/950-951) pour l’œuvre biologique d’Aristote et l’appropriation qu’il en a faite sont de plus en plus reconnus. On peut identifier quatre passages dans lesquels il semble diviser le règne animal en plusieurs catégories : deux dans son inventaire de l’œuvre d’Aristote (Falsafat Arisṭūṭālīs) et deux dans son Livre de la gouvernance politique (Kitāb al-Siyāsa al-madaniyya). Ces extraits n’ont pas encore reçu l’attention qu’ils méritent. Dans cet article, nous essayons de déterminer dans quelle mesure ces regroupements d’animaux peuvent être rattachés à l’œuvre d’Aristote, en examinant le contexte textuel dans lequel al-Fārābī les évoque et en fournissant les possibles raisons de leur mention. Nous en déduisons qu’ils reflètent certains aspects de l’Histoire des animaux. À l’instar d’Aristote (si l’on en croit l’interprétation de Pierre Pellegrin), al-Fārābī n’adhère pas à un système unique et figé de classification. Au contraire, il présente différents regroupements pour mettre en évidence les points précis qu’il souhaite démontrer. Il propose ainsi des systèmes permettant d’expliquer la fonction des animaux par rapport à une cause finale ou de positionner les êtres humains dans le monde animal et, par extension, dans le cosmos. Al-Fārābī constitue en cela un exemple de philosophe qui adapte la méthode aristotélicienne de classification des animaux à des fins de démonstration, et qui va au-delà de l’étude des animaux non humains en proposant une réflexion globale sur le cosmos et sa téléologie
Thinking Machines: Mathematical Reasoning in the Age of LLMs
No full textInternational audienceLarge Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in structured reasoning and symbolic tasks, with coding emerging as a particularly successful application. This progress has naturally motivated efforts to extend these models to mathematics, both in its traditional form, expressed through natural-style mathematical language, and in its formalized counterpart, expressed in a symbolic syntax suitable for automatic verification. Yet, despite apparent parallels between programming and proof construction, advances in formalized mathematics have proven significantly more challenging. This gap raises fundamental questions about the nature of reasoning in current LLM architectures, the role of supervision and feedback, and the extent to which such models maintain an internal notion of computational or deductive state. In this article, we review the current state-of-the-art in mathematical reasoning with LLMs, focusing on recent models and benchmarks. We explore three central issues at the intersection of machine learning and mathematical cognition: (i) the trade-offs between traditional and formalized mathematics as training and evaluation domains; (ii) the structural and methodological reasons why proof synthesis remains more brittle than code generation; and (iii) whether LLMs genuinely represent or merely emulate a notion of evolving logical state. Our goal is not to draw rigid distinctions but to clarify the present boundaries of these systems and outline promising directions for their extension
Ne pas faire table rase? L’histoire de la philosophie en philosophie analytique
No full textInternational audienceThe chapter begins by recalling the provocative phrase that Gilbert Harman had posted on his office door at Harvard: “Just say no to the History of Philosophy” (modelled on Nancy Reagan's “Just say no to drugs”). However, it is not unusual to find references to texts and authors belonging to the History of Philosophy in typical contributions to Analytic Philosophy (even Jerry Fodor, the least historically oriented of all philosophers, wrote Hume Variations). It is also true that analytic philosophers have not disdained to write the history of their own tradition of thought on occasion, and have attached a certain importance to it (e. g., Michael Dummett). Finally, there is an analytic approach to the History of Philosophy (an example of which is the work of Jonathan Bennett). We must therefore take a closer look. A rough outline of the uses of History of Philosophy in Analytic Philosophy, and of the uses of Analytic Philosophy in History of Philosophy, is proposed. A sign of the importance of History of Philosophy in Analytic Philosophy is that the relationship maintained with it within this tradition is always related to the idea that one adopts and defends of the identity of this tradition itself.Le chapitre commence par rappeler la phrase provocatrice que Gilbert Harman avait affichée sur la porte de son bureau à Harvard : « dites simplement non à l’histoire de la philosophie » (sur le modèle de Nancy Reagan : » dites simplement non aux drogues »). Pourtant, il n’est pas exceptionnel de trouver dans ce champ des références à des textes et des auteurs appartenant à l’histoire de la philosophie (le moins historien de tous les philosophes, Jerry Fodor, a écrit des Hume variations). Il est également vrai que les philosophes analytiques n’ont pas dédaigné à l’occasion de faire l’histoire de leur propre tradition de pensée et y ont attaché une certaine importance (comme Michael Dummett). Enfin il existe une approche analytique de l’histoire de la philosophie (dont un exemple est le travail de Jonathan Bennett). Il faut donc regarder les choses d’un peu plus près. Une esquisse de typologie des usages de l’histoire de la philosophie en philosophie analytique, et des usages de la philosophie analytique en histoire de la philosophie, est proposée. Un signe de l’importance de l’histoire de la philosophie en philosophie analytique est que la relation qui est entretenue à elle dans cette tradition engage à chaque fois, quelle que soit l’option retenue, l’idée que l’on adopte et que l’on défend de l’identité de cette tradition elle-même
Councils, local power and social mobility at the turn of the third millennium BC
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