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Knives, canoes, and invisible technologies: A use-wear analysis of shell tools from southern Patagonia
No full textInternational audienceThe archipelagos of southwestern Patagonia were historically inhabited by hunter-gatherer societies characterized by a maritime-oriented lifeway and a knowledge of navigation techniques. These canoeros societies inhabited this extensive territory from approximately 7500 years BP until the processes of social disintegration and ethnocide that took place during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The use of shells as tools constituted a distinctive behavioral trait among these groups, and as such, is well documented in ethnographic sources. Nonetheless, archaeological investigation of this practice has remained limited, due in part to the rarity of shell tools in the archaeological record and the inherent difficulty of detecting the use of unmodified shells. This study addresses this historical gap through a use-wear analysis of unmodified shells recovered from several archaeological sites, in addition to three ethnographic artifacts, including a manufactured shell knife. The results indicate that some of these shells—typically classified as food refuse, as they are an integral part of the shell middens—were in fact tools, used primarily for skin scraping, in four out of the five archaeological sites examined. These include middle and late Holocene sites from both the Beagle Channel and the Magallanes region. Moreover, ethnographic collections have enabled the examination of unmodified shell tools, retouched shell implements, and hafted knives originating from territories inhabited by both the Yagan and Kawésqar societies. These ethnographic tools were also primarily associated with skin processing, although they exhibit a considerably longer period of use compared to the archaeological ones. The combination of ethnohistorical and ethnographic sources with the application of archaeological methodologies to the analysis of both ethnographic and archaeological assemblages has enabled a better understanding of the role shell tools played in these societies, as well as a direct assessment of the strengths and limitations inherent to each of these disciplinary approaches
L’animal-attribut et son prophète dans le genre qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā’ : textes, illustrations, cultes
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The role of Civil Society in the development of Climate Law: Dynamics and Synergies
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Building Bridges or Competing in a Payments Arms Race? The Geopolitics of the mBridge Project
No full textInternational audienceThis article examines the mBridge project, a multi-central bank digital currency (CBDC) platform that allows cross-border payments to be settled in local currencies, a feature that could, over time, reduce US dollar dominance. It situates mBridge in the broader landscape of CBDC experiments, emphasizing the contrasting priorities of countries in the Global North and South. Drawing on a detailed case study, the paper examines how mBridge functions, the challenges likely to arise in its large-scale deployment, and the implications it raises for the future of the international monetary and financial system (IMFS). By linking technical debates on cross-border payment infrastructures with geopolitical concerns about monetary dependence, the article aims to shed light on the disruptive potential of CBDCs and their limits as instruments of systemic change
La caisse de grève de la CFDT : un service qui ne dit pas son nom ?
No full textInternational audienceThe CFDT is the only French trade union confederation to have a permanent strike fund at the confederal level. Created in 1973, it mainly fulfilled this role until the 1990s. Since then, it has broadened its remit by offering other types of support in the form of services to its members. In this article, we analyze this evolution by placing our reflection at the intersection of two debates: one on the evolution of worker solidarity and the other on the place of service unionism in France. We will see that the CFDT's approach to its strike fund is indeed part of a service-oriented logic, but that it largely retains a protest-oriented purpose.La Confédération française démocratique du travail (CFDT) est la seule centrale syndicale française à disposer d’une caisse de grève permanente à l’échelon confédéral. Créée en 1973, cette dernière a principalement rempli ce rôle jusqu’aux années 1990. Depuis, elle a élargi ses missions en proposant d’autres types de soutien, sous la forme de services rendus aux adhérent·es. Nous analysons dans ce texte cette évolution en inscrivant notre réflexion au croisement de deux débats : celui sur l’évolution de la solidarité ouvrière et celui sur la place prise en France par le syndicalisme de services. Nous verrons ainsi que l’orientation donnée par la CFDT à sa caisse de grève s’inscrit effectivement dans une logique de services mais qu’elle garde en large partie une finalité revendicative
Fallow land simulations to fight against soil degradation: Engaging stakeholders with model exploration
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616636/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): AF 1802-001;DSCATT;(FRA) Dynamics of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Tropical and Temperate Agricultural systems//International audienceThis methodological paper forms part of a modelling approach conducted in the Senegalese groundnut basin. It addresses two key aspects: (1) the process of co-constructing the model with local stakeholders; and (2) the use of calibration to account for non-measurable elements, which stakeholders needed to describe and evaluate their system effectively. Thematically, the study examines the relationship between social solidarity and agro-pastoral systems in Diohine, a Senegalese village where communal fallow lands are a vital indicator of socio-ecological resilience. Using the co-constructed, agent-based "Me re Diam" model, we examine the dynamics of soil fertility, population growth and agricultural yields over a 25-year period, integrating local knowledge and ecological data. Our findings emphasise the pivotal role of social solidarity mechanisms, such as parcel lending and food sharing, in stabilising agro-pastoral systems amidst resource scarcity. Calibrating the model demonstrates its ability to reproduce historical dynamics and test alternative practices. Without these mechanisms, the system collapses, revealing their indispensable nature for long-term sustainability. This work emphasises the importance of collaborative modelling in bridging the gap between empirical data and local practices, providing actionable insights for addressing soil degradation and demographic pressures
Étude géoarchéologique du système d’irrigation de Sarazm (IVe-IIIe millénaires av. n. è.). De la gestion de l’eau à la fabrique du paysage fluvial dans la moyenne vallée semi-aride et tectoniquement active du Zeravshan (Tadjikistan, Asie centrale).
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Sens du travail : une enquête dans une ferme rurale en multi-production
No full textDocuments de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 2026.02 - ISSN : 1955-611X - eISSN : 2968-6687This text analyses what gives meaning of work in a multi-production farm in rural areas. We use data from a qualitative interview survey. This place was chosen because of the originality of the collective work and the variety of people's career paths. Thus, we have distinguished portraits of "bifurcators", "experimenters" and volunteers. For the most part, these are young adults with a varied professional background: engineer, manager, salesman, employees in catering, chef... Some people have created organic farms (market gardening, nursery tree and arborists). Others have developed different activities around and on the farm. A critical reflection on productivity, productivism and the division of labor within this collective work is at the center of the question about this experience of search for meaning.Mobilisant les données d’une enquête qualitative par entretiens, ce texte analyse ce qui donnedu sens au travail dans une ferme en multi-production en milieu rural qui fonctionne comme unécosystème. Ce lieu a été choisi en raison de l’originalité du collectif de travail et de la richessedes parcours professionnels des personnes qui le compose : des portraits de « bifurqueurs »,d’« expérimenteurs » et de bénévoles ont pu être dressés. Il s’agit, pour la plupart d’adultes âgésde 30 à 40 ans ayant un passé professionnel varié : ingénieur, cadre, vendeur, employés dans larestauration, chef cuisinier... Certains ont créé des exploitations agricoles biologiques etd’autres ont développé différentes activités autour et dans la ferme. Une réflexion critique surla productivité, le productivisme et la division du travail au sein de ce collectif est le principalfils directeur pour questionner cette expérience de quête de sens
Documents exogènes du monde de l'imprimerie: un contrat notarial (1540)
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