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Glyphosate et Buffel: Le réensauvagement comme pratique composite dans le sud-ouest des États-Unis et le nord-ouest du Mexique, des années 1980 à nos jours
No full textInternational audienc
Ce que l’automatisation fait aux savoirs sensibles. Une comparaison chirurgie/aéronautique
No full textInternational audienc
The Healing Empire: Aromatic Oils, Unguents, and the Reception of Solomon in Byzantium: Aromatic Oils, Unguents, and the Reception of Solomon in Byzantium
No full textInternational audienc
Recommender system in X inadvertently profiles ideological positions of users
No full textStudies on recommendations in social media have mainly analyzed the quality of recommended items (e.g., their diversity or biases) and the impact of recommendation policies (e.g., in comparison with purely chronological policies). We use a data donation program, collecting more than 2.5 million friend recommendations made to 682 volunteers on X over a year, to study instead how real-world recommenders learn, represent and process political and social attributes of users inside the so-called black boxes of AI systems. Using publicly available knowledge on the architecture of the recommender, we inferred the positions of recommended users in its embedding space. Leveraging ideology scaling calibrated with political survey data, we analyzed the political position of users in our study (N=26,509 among volunteers and recommended contacts) among several attributes, including age and gender. Our results show that the platform's recommender system produces a spatial ordering of users that is highly correlated with their Left-Right positions (Pearson rho=0.887, p-value < 0.0001), and that cannot be explained by socio-demographic attributes. These results open new possibilities for studying the interaction between human and AI systems. They also raise important questions linked to the legal definition of algorithmic profiling in data privacy regulation by blurring the line between active and passive profiling. We explore new constrained recommendation methods enabled by our results, limiting the political information in the recommender as a potential tool for privacy compliance capable of preserving recommendation relevance
Drivers of alpine-treeline-ecotone dynamics in the Pyrenees
No full textInternational audienceAimWhile alpine-treeline ecotones are expected to shift upwards and densify under climate warming, observed dynamics vary across mountain ranges. Most studies focus solely on elevational shifts, yet different dimensions may respond to different drivers—limiting our ability to predict ecosystem responses. We examined multiple aspects of treeline ecotone changes (elevational shifts, spatial-pattern changes, and infilling) in the temperate mountain range of the Pyrenees, focusing on the eastern French sector, and uncovered interactions between climate, topography, land use, and lithology at different spatial scales.MethodsWe studied 626 treeline ecotones in the eastern French Pyrenees to examine elevational shifts, spatial-pattern changes, and infilling in relation to climate, land-use, and habitat drivers. Regression and factorial analyses identified key drivers and recurrent environmental combinations affecting treeline ecotone dynamics.ResultsThree environmental clusters revealed contrasting regional dynamics across the eastern French Pyrenees. Western treeline ecotones showed the strongest upward shift, central treeline ecotones exhibited the highest local infilling, and eastern high-elevation treeline ecotones displayed downward shift and diffuse patterns. Overall, local topography influenced fine-scale infilling, while regional land-use and biogeographic contexts controlled broader treeline ecotone elevational shift, highlighting how different drivers operate at multiple spatial scales.ConclusionUnderstanding the effects of climate change requires considering multiple dimensions beyond elevational shifts, as each aspect of treeline ecotone dynamics responds differently to drivers operating at different spatial scales. Management strategies should adapt to multi-scale contexts rather than uniform approaches, particularly where treeline ecotone structure indicates scale-dependent processes
Galien, Des habitudes: texte établi et traduit par V. Boudon-Millot
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Accords commerciaux et pêche durable
No full textInternational audienceThis study examines the impact of trade agreements and their specific provisions on the sustainability of marine fisheries resources. Using global data on the Mean Trophic Level (MTL) between 1950 and 2018 and a comprehensive dataset of environmental provisions from trade agreements signed between 1947 and 2018, we estimate the impact on the MTL of signing (i) a free trade agreement and (ii) a free trade agreement including fishery-related provisions. To address potential endogeneity problems associated with fisheries-related provisions, we use a difference-in-differences (DID) propensity score matching method. Our results show that while trade agreements tend to negatively impact the MTL, including fisheries-related provisions offsets this negative impact among signatory countries. By examining the potential mechanisms underlying this result, we are able to temper the optimistic findings in the existing literature on the beneficial environmental outcomes of environmental provisions. Our findings suggest that these provisions do not foster the adoption of more effective resource management practices. Instead, they appear to reduce trade opportunities, which is contrary to the objective of trade creation in trade agreements.Cette étude examine l'impact des accords commerciaux et de leurs dispositions spécifiques sur la durabilité des ressources halieutiques marines. À partir de données mondiales sur le niveau trophique moyen (MTL) entre 1950 et 2018 et d'un ensemble complet de données sur les dispositions environnementales des accords commerciaux signés entre 1947 et 2018, nous estimons l'impact sur le MTL de la signature (i) d'un accord de libre-échange et (ii) d'un accord de libre-échange comprenant des dispositions relatives à la pêche. Pour remédier aux problèmes d'endogénéité potentiels liés aux dispositions relatives à la pêche, nous utilisons une méthode d'appariement des scores de propension à la différence dans les différences (DID). Nos résultats montrent que si les accords commerciaux ont tendance à avoir un impact négatif sur le MTL, l'inclusion de dispositions relatives à la pêche compense cet impact négatif parmi les pays signataires. En examinant les mécanismes potentiels qui sous-tendent ce résultat, nous sommes en mesure de tempérer les conclusions optimistes de la littérature existante sur les effets bénéfiques des dispositions environnementales. Nos conclusions suggèrent que ces dispositions ne favorisent pas l'adoption de pratiques de gestion des ressources plus efficaces. Au contraire, elles semblent réduire les opportunités commerciales, ce qui est contraire à l'objectif de création d'échanges commerciaux dans les accords commerciaux
City Makers and the Politics of Urban Diversity Governance. Comparative Approaches from Europe and Asia
No full textInternational audienceThis open access book examines the rising challenges of managing diversity in European and Asian cities. It spotlights the roles of varied city makers - from urban leaders to migrant communities and civil society activists - in negotiating and transforming their city’s diversity governance. The book brings together the contributions of urban studies and migration studies scholars, which offer rich empirical analyses on various European and Asian cities, such as Paris, Singapore, Barcelona, and Guangzhou. Adopting a comparative lens, the book presents a decentered understanding of 'super-diverse' cities, examining shifts in urban policy-making within different geographical contexts, with distinct patterns of migration and diversification. By advancing urban comparison as a research tool, it contributes to the contemporary discussions on the local turn of migration and diversity policies