Jurnal STAI Al-Hamidiyah
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ABCD Substance Use Code - ABCD Data Release 5.1
No full textPlease cite this OSF project if you are planning to use this in a publication/presentation! Code used in the following publication (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100120) to generate substance use variables for ABCD-related analyses. This code has been updated for ABCD data release 5.1 (https://nda.nih.gov/study.html?id=2313). Reach out with any questions
The Role of Speech Perception Gradiency in L1 versus L2 Spoken Word Recognition
No full textSpeech perception gradiency reflects sensitivity to subphonemic differences. Prior research has shown that gradiency facilitates recovery from misperceptions (i.e., speech perception flexibility) in L1 (Kapnoula et al., 2021), but whether and how gradiency contributes to speech perception flexibility in L2 remains unknown. This study investigated the role of gradiency in spoken word recognition among Spanish (L1)-English (L2) bilinguals. Gradiency was assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) with stop consonants (/b/-/p/), and initial activation of a lexical competitor and speech perception flexibility were assessed using an eye-tracking Visual World Paradigm (VWP) task. Seventy Spanish-English bilinguals completed these tasks in both languages. Following previous results in L1 English, gradiency facilitated speech perception flexibility in L1 Spanish. In contrast, gradiency did not facilitate L2 speech perception; instead, a different pattern emerged: participants relied more heavily on lexical (top-down) than subphonemic (bottom-up) information, as would be expected given the less robust category representations in L2. Additionally, a positive correlation between L1 and L2 gradiency was observed only among higher-proficiency listeners. Overall, these findings suggest that the functional role of gradiency in L1 versus L2 speech perception is modulated by the differential reliance on bottom-up versus top-down information
TRANSCENDENT Concussion Research Program (Transforming Research by Assessing Neuroinformatics across the Spectrum of Concussion by Embedding iNterdisciplinary Data-collection to Enable Novel Treatments)
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Taxonomic assignments for the 3.4 Ma to 1.1 Ma hominin postcanine teeth from the Usno Formation and the Shungura Formation, Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia
No full textSediments of the Usno Formation and the Shungura Formation date from ca. 3.75 Ma to 1.09 Ma, during which time the genus Homo appeared, Australopithecus disappeared, and the eastern African robust hominins did both. We performed an in-depth analysis of size, shape, and morphology of 108 Omo permanent postcanine dental specimens. First, we compared linear dimensions against a comparative dataset of 809 teeth from 359 specimens representing 10 hominin taxa. We then developed a linear discriminant function to predict the most-likely taxon for the Omo specimens based on the crown dimensions. We also ran cluster analyses on morphological scores and 2-dimensional cusp areas from the Omo sample to test whether these statistical clusters align with the taxa predicted by the discriminant function analysis. We found that variation in morphological scores does not align well with the taxonomic groups predicted from linear data. Cluster analyses of mandibular molar cusp areas categorize robust and non-robust groups fairly well, but maxillary molar cusp areas do not. We conclude that only Au. afarensis is found in the earliest part of the stratigraphy (3.4 Ma). By 2.95 Ma, there are two hominin lineages, Paranthropus and a more dentally gracile group in which Au. afarensis and Homo are not distinguishable until higher in the stratigraphic sequence. Paranthropus increased in frequency from 2.27 Ma until 1.9 Ma. After this time, Homo is the dominant taxon. The geologically youngest evidence of Paranthropus occurs at 1.37 Ma, after which, only teeth attributable to Homo are observed
植民地から自動車へ、イノベーションが帝国主義の終焉を齎すメカニズム
No full text植民地と帝国主義の世界はなぜ終わったのか？ウラジーミル・レーニンは資本主義の最高段階を「帝国主義」と位置付けたが、実際には次が存在したからである。本稿が提唱する現代資本主義は「モータリズム」であり、これと対比することで帝国主義を再定義した。「帝国主義」とはプロセス・イノベーションによる供給増加が優勢な段階であり、経済成長には植民地の需要を必要とした。これに対して「モータリズム」はプロダクト・イノベーションによって自ら需要を作り出すため、植民地市場を必要としない段階である。本稿が主張する帝国主義の終焉は1908年のフォード・モデルTが起点であり、ウッドロウ・ウィルソンの民族自決、戦争違法化、そして第二次世界大戦後の英仏の脱植民地まで、国際秩序の変化は「帝国主義」から「モータリズム」へのトランジションによって引き起こされたことを明らかにした。また、本研究の副次的結論として、経済成長における「供給が需要を生み出す」という命題は、生産物効用が労働不効用を上回るという限定的条件下でのみ成立することを示した。この状況においては、需要創出に資するプロダクト・イノベーションの役割が特に重要となる
Inequality of opportunities creates structural marginalization in networks
No full textInequalities in social, economic, and political settings play a major role in creating unbalanced scales of opportunities and well-being. One important aspect of inequalities is structural: marginalized groups are pushed to the periphery of the social networks and their access to resources becomes limited. While structural inequalities have been identified in social science literature, the interplay between different factors leading to structural marginalization has not been explored quantitatively in network science. Here, we propose a general network framework that allows taking into account the inequality of opportunities as a group-level fitness function. By tuning group fitness, we show that structural marginalization and rich clubs emerge due to the interplay between group membership preferences and inequalities in fitness. This paper demonstrates quantitatively that to eradicate structural marginalization, it is not enough to increase the minority size or their connectivity; it should be rather centered around strategically providing resources for disadvantaged groups
