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Les solidarités familiales à l’épreuve des transformations environnementales. Conflits de parenté et inégalités économiques au Bangladesh
No full textInternational audienceHow have environmental changes affected family solidarity among downwardly mobile rural middle-class families in Bangladesh? Based on a study initially aimed at understanding the effects of climate change on the mental health of residents in two distinct areas—one in a slum in the capital and the other in a village in a rural area in the southwest of the country, this article shows how declining families mobilise different forms of resources (environmental, familial, institutional or economic) to escape economic, environmental or social hazards. These strategies, established at the level of both household and extended kin network, remain temporary. They were linked to the family’s financial situation at a given time, which depended on the environmental context and kinship relationships. Two key mechanisms of solidarity are thus highlighted among the downwardly mobile members of the rural middle class: the “complex” household and the kinship network, typically at a distance. Finally, our analysis underscores the importance of integrating the local scales of spatial opportunities for individuals and families when analysing the effects of environmental change, whether slow or sudden, and the interdependence between the environment, economic survival, and family or social solidarity.¿Cómo las transformaciones ambientales contribuyen a reconfigurar las solidaridades familiares entre los miembros desclasados de las clases medias rurales en Bangladesh? A partir de una investigación de campo cuyo objetivo inicial era comprender los efectos del cambio climático sobre la salud mental de los habitantes de dos zonas —en una ciudad perdida de la capital y en un pueblo de una zona rural del suroeste del país—, este artículo muestra cómo ciertas familias desclasadas movilizan diferentes formas de recursos (ambientales, familiares, institucionales o económicos) para sustraerse de los peligros económicos, ambientales o sociales. Estas estrategias, establecidas al nivel de las familias extendidas o del parentesco, presentan un carácter provisional. Están ligadas a la situación económica de la familia en un momento dado, la cual está asimismo influida por el contexto ambiental y las relaciones de parentesco. Dos mecanismos clave de solidaridad fueron evidenciados entre los miembros empobrecidos de la clase media rural: la familia extendida ‘compleja’ y las relaciones con parientes a distancia. Nuestro análisis refuerza el interés de integrar las escalas locales de las oportunidades espaciales de los individuos y de las familias en el análisis de los efectos de las transformaciones ambientales, lentas o brutales, y en la relación de interdependencia entre el ambiente, sobrevivencia económica y solidaridades familiares o sociales.Comment les transformations environnementales contribuent-elles à reconfigurer les solidarités familiales parmi les membres déclassés de la classe moyenne rurale au Bangladesh ? À partir d’une enquête de terrain dont l’objectif initial était de comprendre les effets du changement climatique sur la santé mentale des habitants de deux zones — dans un bidonville de la capitale et dans un village d’une zone rurale du sud-ouest du pays —, cet article montre comment certaines familles déclassées mobilisent différentes formes de ressources (environnementales, familiales, institutionnelles ou économiques) pour échapper aux dangers économiques, environnementaux ou sociaux. Ces stratégies, établies à l’échelle de la maisonnée ou de la parentèle, demeurent provisoires. Elles sont liées à la situation économique de la famille à un moment donné, elle-même influencée par le contexte environnemental et les relations de parenté. Deux mécanismes clés de solidarité sont mis en évidence chez ces membres déclassés de la classe moyenne rurale : la maisonnée « complexe », et la parentèle généralement à distance. Notre analyse renforce l’intérêt d’intégrer les échelles locales des opportunités spatiales des individus et des familles dans l’analyse des effets des transformations environnementales, lentes ou brutales, et dans la relation d’interdépendance entre environnement, survie économique et solidarités familiales ou sociales
Mélanges d’additifs alimentaires et risque de diabète de type 2: résultats de la cohorte NutriNet-Santé
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Mixtures of food additives are daily consumed worldwide by billions of people. So far, safety assessments have been performed substance by substance due to lack of data on the effect of multiexposure to combinations of additives. Our objective was to identify most common food additive mixtures, and investigate their associations with type 2 diabetes incidence in a large prospective cohort. Methods and Findings Participants ( n = 108,643, mean follow-up = 7.7 years (standard deviation (SD) = 4.6), age = 42.5 years (SD = 14.6), 79.2% women) were adults from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort (2009–2023). Dietary intakes were assessed using repeated 24h-dietary records, including industrial food brands. Exposure to food additives was evaluated through multiple food composition databases and laboratory assays. Mixtures were identified through nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF), and associations with type 2 diabetes incidence were assessed using Cox models adjusted for potential socio-demographic, anthropometric, lifestyle and dietary confounders. A total of 1,131 participants were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Two out of the five identified food additive mixtures were associated with higher type 2 diabetes incidence: the first mixture included modified starches, pectin, guar gum, carrageenan, polyphosphates, potassium sorbates, curcumin, and xanthan gum (hazard ratio (HR) per an increment of 1SD of the NMF mixture score = 1.08 [1.02, 1.15], p = 0.006), and the other mixture included citric acid, sodium citrates, phosphoric acid, sulphite ammonia caramel, acesulfame-K, aspartame, sucralose, arabic gum, malic acid, carnauba wax, paprika extract, anthocyanins, guar gum, and pectin (HR = 1.13 [1.08,1.18], p < 0.001). No association was detected for the three remaining mixtures: HR = 0.98 [0.91, 1.06], p = 0.67; HR = 1.02 [0.94, 1.10], p = 0.68; and HR = 0.99 [0.92, 1.07], p = 0.78. Several synergistic and antagonist interactions between food additives were detected in exploratory analyses. Residual confounding as well as exposure or outcome misclassifications cannot be entirely ruled out and causality cannot be established based on this single observational study. Conclusions This study revealed positive associations between exposure to two widely consumed food additive mixtures and higher type 2 diabetes incidence. Further experimental research is needed to depict underlying mechanisms, including potential synergistic/antagonist effects. These findings suggest that a combination of food additives may be of interest to consider in safety assessments, and they support public health recommendations to limit nonessential additives. Trial Registration The NutriNet-Santé cohort is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03335644). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03335644 .Contexte : Les mélanges d’additifs alimentaires sont consommés quotidiennement par des milliards de personnes dans le monde. Jusqu’à présent, les évaluations de sécurité ont été menées substance par substance, faute de données sur les effets d’une multi-exposition à des combinaisons d’additifs. Notre objectif était d’identifier les mélanges d’additifs alimentaires les plus courants et d’examiner leurs associations avec l’incidence du diabète de type 2 dans une large cohorte prospective.Méthodes et résultats Les participants (n = 108 643, suivi moyen = 7,7 ans [écart-type (ET) = 4,6], âge = 42,5 ans [ET = 14,6], 79,2 % de femmes) étaient des adultes de la cohorte NutriNet-Santé (France, 2009-2023). Les apports alimentaires ont été évalués à l’aide de rappels alimentaires de 24 heures répétés, incluant l’identification des marques industrielles consommées. L’exposition aux additifs a été estimée grâce à plusieurs bases de données de composition alimentaire et des dosages en laboratoire. Les mélanges ont été identifiés au moyen de la factorisation en matrices non négatives (NMF), et les associations avec l’incidence du diabète de type 2 ont été étudiées par modèles de Cox ajustés sur les facteurs sociodémographiques, anthropométriques, de mode de vie et alimentaires. Au total, 1 131 participants ont développé un diabète de type 2. Deux des cinq mélanges identifiés étaient associés à une incidence plus élevée de diabète de type 2 : le premier incluait amidons modifiés, pectine, gomme de guar, carraghénanes, polyphosphates, sorbate de potassium, curcumine et gomme xanthane (rapport de risque [RR] pour un incrément d’1 ET du score NMF = 1,08 [1,02–1,15], p = 0,006) ; le second regroupait acide citrique, citrates de sodium, acide phosphorique, caramel ammoniacal au sulfite, acésulfame-K, aspartame, sucralose, gomme arabique, acide malique, cire de carnauba, extrait de paprika, anthocyanes, gomme de guar, et pectine (RR = 1,13 [1,08–1,18], p < 0,001). Aucune association n’a été détectée pour les trois autres mélanges (RR = 0,98 [0,91–1,06], p = 0,67 ; RR = 1,02 [0,94–1,10], p = 0,68 ; et RR = 0,99 [0,92–1,07], p = 0,78). Plusieurs interactions synergiques et antagonistes entre additifs ont été observées en analyses exploratoires. Un résidu de confusion ainsi que des erreurs possibles d’exposition ou de classification de l’issue ne peuvent être totalement exclus, et la causalité ne peut être établie sur la seule base de cette étude observationnelle.Conclusions Cette étude met en évidence une association positive entre l’exposition à deux mélanges d’additifs alimentaires largement consommés et l’incidence du diabète de type 2. De nouvelles recherches expérimentales sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents, y compris les effets synergiques ou antagonistes potentiels. Ces résultats suggèrent que la prise en compte des combinaisons d’additifs pourrait être pertinente dans les évaluations de sécurité, et soutiennent les recommandations de santé publique visant à limiter les additifs non essentiels.Enregistrement de l’étude La cohorte NutriNet-Santé est enregistrée sur clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03335644)
Le sac-poubelle transparent, atteinte fondamentale à la dignité de la personne humaine
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Antibiotic perturbation of the human gut phageome preserves its individuality and promotes blooms of virulent phages
No full textInternational audienceAntibiotic use disrupts the gut microbiota, posing risks of long-term health issues and resistance. To study its impact on gut phages, we followed 22 healthy individuals 2 weeks before and up to 6 months after a 3-day course of 3rd-generation cephalosporins. Our results show that gut phages rarely encode antibiotic resistance genes and are mostly temperate, including many phage plasmids. Furthermore, phage populations remain individual-specific even after microbiome perturbation. Yet, we report a 20% decline in phage diversity the day after treatment, alongside blooms of a few, mostly virulent, phages. We suggest that some of these phages contribute to the recovery of bacterial diversity via ‘‘kill-the-winner’’ dynamics. This is supported by (temporarily) dominant phages targeting Parabacteroides distasonis, a bacterium that thrives post-treatment only in the absence of these phages. Our findings suggest gut phages are crucial to the microbiome response to antibiotics, aiding the restoration of balance and diversit
The random walk pinning model I: lower bounds on the free energy and disorder irrelevance
No full textThe Random Walk Pinning Model (RWPM) is a statistical mechanics model in which the trajectory of a continuous time random walk X=(X_t)_{t\geq 0} is rewarded according to the time it spends together with a moving catalyst. More specifically for a system of size T, the law of X is tilted by the Gibbs factor \exp(\beta \int_0^T \mathbf{1}_{\{X_t=Y_t\}} dt), where \beta \geq 0 is the inverse temperature. The moving catalyst Y=(Y_t)_{t\ge 0} is given by the quenched trajectory of a second continuous-time random walk, with the same distribution as X but a different jump rate \rho\geq 0, interpreted as the disorder intensity. For fixed \rho\ge 0, the RWPM undergoes a localization phase transition when \beta passes a critical value \beta_c(\rho). We thoroughly investigate the question of disorder relevance to determine whether a disorder of arbitrarily small intensity affects the features of the phase transition. We focus our analysis on the case of transient \gamma-stable walks on \mathbb{Z}, i.e. random walks in the domain of attraction of a \gamma-stable law, with \gamma\in (0,1). In the present paper, we derive lower bounds for the free energy, which results in either a proof of disorder irrelevance or upper bounds on the critical point shift. More precisely, when \gamma \in(\frac23,1), our estimates imply that \beta_c(\rho)=\beta_c(0) when \rho is small, showing disorder irrelevance. When \gamma\in (0,\frac23] our companion paper shows that \beta_c(\rho)>\beta_c(0) for every \rho>0, showing disorder relevance: we derive here upper bounds on the critical point shift, which are matching the lower bounds obtained in our companion paper. For good measure, our analysis also includes the case of the simple random walk of \mathbb{Z}^d (for d\ge 3) for which no upper bound on the critical point shift was previously known
Waterlogging, health and healthcare access in southwest Bangladesh
No full textInternational audienceWaterlogging, a type of stagnant flooding, is becoming more prevalent in southwest Bangladesh. It is expected to worsen due to the expansion of shrimp farming and climate change, which will contribute to environmental degradation. However, the impact of waterlogging on health, health service utilisation and household health expenditure remains poorly understood. We conducted a quantitative study between August and September 2022 in Tala, a disaster-prone sub-district in southwest Satkhira. Data were collected from 596 randomly selected households. A total of 1266 adults were surveyed, of whom 768 reported a recent illness. Of these adults, 213 reported seeking formal healthcare for their initial visit. Information about households’ exposure to waterlogging in the past 12 months was also collected. Bivariate analyses were used to test the association between the outcome variables (reporting illness, utilisation of formal healthcare, and out-of-pocket expenditure) and the following other variables: age, gender, education, whether the respondent was the head of the household, type of illness, household wealth index, household size, and experience of waterlogging in the past 12 months. Two probit models were fitted for illness reporting and formal healthcare utilisation. Waterlogging experience was significantly associated with illness reporting [Coef: 0.47; CI 0.14,0.80], p = 0.006). However, it was not significantly associated with healthcare utilisation among the 768 adults who reported any illness [Coef: -0.11; CI -0.51,0.029], p = 0.600). Bivariate analyses of the association between healthcare expenditure and waterlogging revealed no significant association (p = 0.635). Significant associations were found between illness reporting and household wealth (wealthiest/poorest) and age (older/younger). In contrast, gender (male/female) and household size (larger/smaller) were negatively associated with illness reporting. Of the 768 adults who reported illness, a negative association was observed for education (compared to higher education) and a positive association was observed for wealth (average wealthy and poorest) and chronic illness (compared to acute illness). These findings highlight the need to consider the detrimental health impacts of waterlogging when improving Bangladesh’s healthcare system
Association of Prolonged Breastfeeding With Early Childhood Caries Using Propensity Score Matching in the French Longitudinal Study of Children ( ELFE Cohort)
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this study was to investigate the link between prolonged breastfeeding (≥ 12 months) and early childhood caries (ECC) using propensity score matching (PSM) to account for observed confounders, reduce bias, and provide a more reliable estimate of this relationship. Methods This study utilised data from the French Longitudinal Study of Children (ELFE Cohort), comprising 11 718 participants. PSM was employed to pair children who were breastfed for 12 months or longer with those breastfed for less than 12 months or not at all, controlling for shared risk factors such as socioeconomic status and dietary habits. Logistic regression models were conducted to examine the association between ECC, reported by the parents at 3.5 years, and prolonged breastfeeding. Results Infants (7.6%) who were breastfed for 12 months or more exhibited twice the odds of developing ECC at 3.5 years compared to those breastfed for less than 12 months or not at all (OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.39, 3.47). Conclusion Children breastfed for 12 or more months are at increased risk of developing ECC. Further research is needed to investigate specific breastfeeding practices that may contribute to this increased risk, with the aim of promoting prolonged breastfeeding while ensuring optimal oral health
How can communication content be adapted depending on consumers’ diet to encourage consumption of insect-based foods?
No full textInternational audiencePurpose Entomophagy (eating insects as food) is an important step in the transition toward alternative sources of protein, but is not culturally accepted in Western countries. This study aims to identify which communication strategies on the benefits of entomophagy resonate most with consumers based on their diet. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative study was carried out on 720 French adults, who were divided into three groups depending on their diet (omnivore, flexitarian or vegetarian) and then exposed to a different message on the benefits of entomophagy (environment, health and animal welfare). Findings Flexitarians show the highest level of acceptance toward entomophagy. Communication content has no main effect, but the interaction with diet has a main effect, meaning that the communication content needs to be adapted depending on the consumers’ diet. The message explaining the environmental benefits of entomophagy seems to be more effective for flexitarians, while the message on health benefits seems to be more effective for vegetarians and omnivores. Practical implications The results can help promoters of insect-based food products (public organizations and insect food suppliers) to guide their marketing campaigns to promote entomophagy in Western food cultures. Originality/value This study contributes to emerging research on alternative food consumption by examining the type of information that needs to be communicated to consumers – depending on their current diet – to promote entomophagy. This study highlights Construal Level Theory as essential in understanding the cognitive processes involved in consumers’ acceptance of entomophagy
Vulnérabilité des patients hospitalisés pendant les épidémies communautaires : leçons du début de la pandémie COVID-19
No full textInternational audienceObjectivesHospital-acquired infections (HAIs) during community disease outbreaks threaten vulnerable hospitalized patients. This study compares the outcomes of hospitalized patients who had COVID-19 as either a HAI or a community-acquired infection (CAI). MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study involving adult patients hospitalized across 39 greater Paris University hospitals between January 27, 2020, and April 21, 2021, who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 PCR during their stay. Patients were classified as CAI if they tested positive within 72 hours of admission and HAI if they tested negative within 72 hours but later positive. HAI was subclassified as possible (first positive test between days 4-7), probable (days 8-13), or definite (day 14 onward). Patients with probable or definite HAI were matched 1:3 to CAI patients for age, sex, and comorbidities, to compare intensive care unit (ICU) transfer and in-hospital death between both groups.ResultsOf 10,831 patients, 506 (4.7%) were classified as HAI. They were older and had more comorbidities. After matching, the 333 patients with probable or definite HAI were less likely to be transferred to the ICU (hazard ratio [HR] 0.57, 95% CI 0.38-0.85) compared to their 999 CAI controls and had a higher risk for in-hospital death (HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.16-2.14).ConclusionPatients with COVID-19 as a HAI face a higher risk of death compared to patients hospitalized with COVID-19 acquired in the community and are less likely to be admitted to the ICU. Strict infection control measures are needed during community outbreaks to protect hospitalized patients.ObjectifsLes infections nosocomiales affectent des patients plus vulnérables que la population générale. Cette étude rétrospective compare le pronostic des patients hospitalisés ayant une COVID-19, selon son origine communautaire ou nosocomiale.MéthodesL’étude inclus les adultes hospitalisés dans 39 hôpitaux universitaires de la région parisienne entre le 27 janvier 2020 et le 21 avril 2021, avec une PCR positive pour le SARS-CoV-2 durant leur séjour. Les infections sont classées communautaires (test était positif dans les 72 heures suivant l’admission) ou nosocomiales (négatif initialement mais positif ensuite). Les infections nosocomiales sont subdivisées en possibles (premier test positif entre les jours 4 et 7), probables (jours 8 à 13), ou certaines (à partir du jour 14). Les patients avec une infection nosocomiale probable ou certaine ont été appariés 1:3 avec des patients ayant une infection communautaire pour comparer les transferts en réanimation et les décès hospitaliers.RésultatsSur 10 831 patients inclus, 506 (4,7 %) avaient une infection nosocomiale. Ils étaient plus âgés et avaient plus de comorbidités. Après appariement, les 333 patients avec une infection nosocomiale probable ou certaine étaient moins souvent transférés en réanimation que leurs 999 témoins avec infection communautaire (hazard ratio [HR] 0,57, IC 95% 0,38-0,85) mais décédaient davantage (HR 1,58, IC 95% 1,16-2,14).ConclusionLes patients atteints de COVID-19 nosocomiale ont un risque de décès plus élevé que ceux avec une COVID-19 communautaire et sont moins souvent admis en réanimation, soulignant l’importance des mesures de contrôle en milieu hospitalier lors des épidémies communautaires
FBI Transform in Gevrey Classes and Anosov Flows
No full textInternational audienceAn analytic FBI transform is built on compact manifolds without boundary, that satisfies all the expected properties. It enables the study of microlocal analytic regularity on such manifolds. This tool is then used to study the Ruelle spectrum of Anosov flows with Gevrey coefficients. In particular, a Weierstrass factorization of their dynamical determinant is derived