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Les racines du ciel. Faire l’histoire des terres sous les télescopes du Mauna Kea
No full textInternational audienceThis article explores the legal history of land ownership and use in Hawai‘i from the mid-19th century to the present day, following the particular case of the summit lands of Mauna Kea, Hawai‘i’s highest mountain. Since the 1960s, this dormant volcano has become one of the world’s main sites for the construction of astronomical observatories, and also the scene of multifaceted opposition to the development of these infrastructures. Since the 1970s, this opposition has consistently focused on the issue of land. Initially denouncing the failure to comply with the terms of leases and subleases on the summit lands, the movements to protect the mountain gradually questioned the very legitimacy of leasing these lands. The story of the Mauna Kea lands illustrates the fundamental ambiguity of Hawai‘i’s colonial situation.Cet article explore l’histoire du droit de propriété et d’usage des terres à Hawai‘i du milieu du xxe siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui, en suivant le cas particulier des terres du sommet du Mauna Kea, point culminant de l’île Hawai‘i. Depuis les années 1960, ce volcan en sommeil est devenu l’un des principaux sites mondiaux pour la construction d’observatoires astronomiques et également le théâtre d’une opposition multiforme au développement de ces infrastructures. Dès les années 1970, cette opposition a systématiquement centré son action sur la question du statut des terres. Dénonçant dans un premier temps le non-respect des clauses des baux de location et de sous-location des terres du sommet, les mouvements de protection de la montagne ont progressivement questionné la légitimité même de mettre ces terres en location. L’histoire des terres du Mauna Kea illustre l’ambiguïté fondamentale de la situation coloniale d’Hawai‘i
High-voltage electrocution at a hydroelectric plant: a case report with SEM-EDS analysis of electrical wounds
No full textInternational audienceElectrocution remains a significant cause of workplace fatalities, particularly in high-voltage environments. Diagnostic challenges arise from the often non-specific internal and external autopsy findings, necessitating robust evidence for reconstructing events and determining liability. This report presents a case of fatal high-voltage electrocution at a hydroelectric plant, focusing on the analysis of suspected electrical entry and exit wounds using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). A middle-aged male electrician sustained fatal injuries while working on a 63 kV transformer. Autopsy revealed electrical burns consistent with electrocution. SEM-EDS analysis identified an electrical entry wound on the right hand, characterized by metallization consistent with contact with a conductive object, specifically a metal tape measure found near the body. This finding supports a scenario involving safety protocol violations and human error. Multiple exit wounds were observed, a recognized phenomenon in high-voltage electrocutions. Notably, metallization was confirmed at exit wounds in skin samples from the left hand and feet, a finding typically considered a hallmark of electrical entry wounds. This unexpected observation underscores the importance of analyzing both entry and exit wounds with SEM-EDS to avoid misinterpretations. This case highlights the crucial role of SEM-EDS in the forensic analysis of electrical injuries, facilitating accurate event reconstruction and aiding in liability assessment
« From Fame to Oblivion. Tytaïna -Elisabeth Sauvy, the Globetrotter Jounalist »
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La division du travail biométrique : rapports de production dans les technologies africaines d’identification des citoyens-électeurs
No full textInternational audienceThe division of biometric labour is the result of an investigation into production relations of biometric technologies in the context of electoral administration in Africa. It consists of the study of biometric labour division among foreign vendors providing the technologies and local officials who develop them on a daily basis. The chapter investigates how biometrics has become global while maintaining a postcolonial nature. It responds that computer biometrics was born in the postcolonial context in the 1970s and that the original production relationships are solidified in the production model of contemporary biometrics. While classical STS literature argues that science and technology become universal though the daily work of detaching from original relations of production. The chapter shows that, on the contrary, globalization is the result of reproduction and objectification of original production relations
How Does Self-regulation and Dispersion of Tourist Flows to Overcrowded Destinations Evolve When eco-responsible Behavior is Growing?
No full textInternational audienceTo prevent tourist overcrowding, local decision-makers are seeking to distribute visitors more evenly around popular sites. Thanks to the development of smart tourism and new Web 2.0 technologies enabling real-time monitoring of visitor numbers, a growing number of eco-responsible tourists, conscious of the environmental impact of mass tourism, are exploring other nearby sites and avoiding the usual tourist crowds. We propose to quantitatively represent these promising behaviors by integrating them into a formal self-regulating flow model based on system dynamics. This simulation model enabled us to observe and understand how traffic between a central site and a neighboring secondary attraction evolved as these new behaviors progressed. On the basis of a realistic data set, a counter-intuitive simulation finding is that, assuming a gradual increase in the number of ecologically responsible tourists, the number of satisfied visitors decreases up to a certain proportion, then gradually increases and stabilizes
Gender, nation and immigration: an analysis of French media about female reconstructive surgeries
No full textInternational audienceHistorically, female genital modifications such as female mutilation, interventions on the hymen have been observed in different sociohistorical contexts. Far from being disqualified by the advent of modern medicine, some of these practices have been integrated into and legitimized by the medical sector. Advances in the biomedical sphere since the 1970s have opened up a new medical field around the surgical techniques of female genital (re)construction, especially for hymenoplasty and clitoral reconstructive surgery. This article aims to document these two medical procedures in their symbolic dimension and to understand the social representations and discourses that accompany them in the public space in France. A case study was carried out through textual analysis of an online media corpus (n = 202 press articles), to identify how different types of press frame these surgeries. In France, they are performed on migrant women or their daughters, whose bodies are placed in tension between sexual and body norms of the host country and those of the country of origin. Several studies have broached this double set of body norms and identity choices facing migrant women. Far from this social reality, however, the press tends to frame female genital surgeries in ways which reinforce representations on gender, immigration and otherness
Théorie de l'obstruction à la formalité et aux équivalences d'homotopie
No full textHere are seemingly unrelated problems: computing rational homotopy groups of spheres in rational homotopy theory, purity in algebraic geometry, Koszul duality for the category of a reductive group in representation theory, splitting Drinfeld space's de Rham complex in the p-adic Langlands program, deformation quantization of Poisson manifolds in mathematical physics. And yet, all of them boil down to the same question: formality. A differential graded algebraic structure A (e.g. an associative algebra, a Lie algebra, a Pre-Calabi-Yau algebra, etc.) is formal if it is related to its homology H(A) by a zig-zag of quasi-isomorphisms preserving the algebraic structure. This thesis develops obstruction classes allowing to prove formality results. On the one hand, it incorporates aforementioned results into a single theory. On the other hand, it provides tools to study these questions in cases little studied hitherto: over any coefficient ring and for algebraic structures with several outputs: algebras encoded by properads.Voici des problèmes apparemment sans rapport : le calcul des groupes d'homotopie rationnels des sphères en théorie de l'homotopie rationnelle, la pureté en géométrie algébrique, la dualité de Koszul pour la catégorie d'un groupe réductif en théorie des représentations, la décomposition du complexe de de Rham de l'espace de Drinfeld dans le programme de Langlands P-adique, et la quantification par déformation des variétés de Poisson en physique mathématique. Et pourtant, tous ces problèmes se ramènent à une même question : celle de la formalité. Une structure algébrique différentielle graduée A (par exemple une algèbre associative, une algèbre de Lie, une algèbre pré-Calabi-Yau, etc.) est dite formelle si elle est reliée à son homologie H(A) par un zigzag de quasi-isomorphismes préservant le type de structure algébrique. Cette thèse développe des classes d'obstruction permettant de démontrer des résultats de formalité. D'une part, elle unifie les résultats mentionnés précédemment au sein d'une même théorie. D'autre part, elle fournit des outils pour étudier ces questions dans des cas peu explorés : sur tout anneau de coefficients et pour des structures algébriques à plusieurs sorties, les algèbres encodées par des propérades
Note sur la linéarisation des groupes abéliens finis
No full text19 pagesIf is a field with enough roots of unity and an abelian group, the -algebra of the group is split semisimple, so that the canonical morphism , where denotes the dual group of (which may be seen as \Hom(V,K^\times)), is an isomorphism of -algebras. If one removes the assumption that has enough roots of unity, one can easily deduce from it (by using a base change and Krull-Schmidt) that it remains a -linear isomorphism natural in the group if one restricts to finite groups canceled by a fixed nonzero integer. The question of whether such an isomorphism, natural in the abelian group , still exists without any other restriction than is finite and its order is invertible in , is less obvious; we solve it positively, in a somewhat more general setting ( being any commutative ring), by using Gauss sums. We also explore some related functorial questions.Si K est un corps commutatif possédant assez de racines de l'unité et V un groupe abélien fini, la K-algèbre K[V] du groupe V est semisimple déployée, de sorte que le morphisme canonique K[V]->K^{V♯}, où V ♯ désigne le groupe dual de V est un isomorphisme de K-algèbres. Si l'on supprime l'hypothèse que K contient assez de racines de l'unité, on peut en déduire facilement (en utilisant une extension des scalaires et Krull-Schmidt) qu'il demeure un isomorphisme, cette fois-ci seulement K-linéaire, K[V]->K^{V♯} naturel en le groupe V si l'on impose à l'avance que V est annulé par un entier non nul fixé. La question de savoir s'il existe un tel isomorphisme naturel en le groupe abélien V , sans d'autre restriction que V fini et d'ordre inversible dans K, est moins évidente ; nous la résolvons ici positivement, dans un cas un peu plus général (K étant un anneau commutatif quelconque), en utilisant des sommes de Gauß. Nous explorons également quelques questions fonctorielles reliées
