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Science Ouverte, Paul David et les communs
No full textInternational audienceAbstract The economics of science, and thus the subject of what has come to be known as “open science,” is omnipresent in Paul David’s work. Throughout his writings, David has never ceased to return to it, enriching it with new contributions. Better still, with the emergence of the Internet—whose importance is asserting itself at a time when the evolution of Intellectual Property law was threatening the “scientific commons” themselves—David renewed and enriched his approach by examining the opportunities offered by the emergence of digital commons and e-science as supports and elements for the renewal of open science, some of whose foundations were under t hreat
Fluorescence spectroscopy precorrection model robust to large variability of optical properties: application to point of care quantitative liver graft viability assessment
No full textOptical properties correction models for fluorescence spectroscopy faced limitation in high variability of optical properties contexts. Typically, the point of care assessment of liver graft viability remains a critical challenge in transplantation medicine, where current methods rely on subjective visual inspection and delayed laboratory biomarkers. While optical approaches offer promising solutions to this challenge, the unique characteristics of liver grafts, which undergo highly varying conditions from procurement to transplantation, ranging from blood perfusion to ischemic phases and perfusion with transparent solutions, create an extremely wide dynamic range of optical properties that challenges state-of-the-art optical models. We present a novel method combining fluorescence spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance discord measurements in the context of large variability of optical properties and adapted to liver graft viability assessment. Our approach corrects for tissue optical properties using a dual-modality system that measures both fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectra, enabling accurate quantification of metabolic fluorophores such as NADH and FAD. The method was validated on tissue-mimicking phantoms with varying optical properties and demonstrated superior performance compared to state-of-the-art correction techniques, with quantification accuracy improved by at least a factor of 1.5 and a capacity to detect more than 92% of the fluorophores present in the different phantoms. Clinical validation was performed on porcine ischemia-reperfusion models, showing promising results for real-time tissue viability monitoring during organ preservation and transplantation procedures
"Le droit des étrangers, entre tensions et ambiguïtés"
No full textAu cœur des politiques migratoires contemporaines, le droit des étrangers suscite de nombreuxdébats et autant d’incompréhensions. Censé défendre les libertés fondamentales et protéger lesétrangers de l’arbitraire, il est également utilisé à des fins répressives par les États. Au carrefourdu droit et des autres sciences sociales, ce dossier analyse ces contradictions et questionne ledroit des étrangers à la lumière des notions d’arbitraire, de discrimination et d’exception
Composition of approximations of two SDEs with jumps with non-finite Lévy measures
No full textInternational audienceThe composition of the solutions of two SDEs can be used to represent the solution of some SPDEs (method of stochastic characteristics). This representation holds for example in the context of consistent dynamic utilities, where the SPDE is and can be used to establish a numerical scheme approximating the SPDE's solution. This allows us to avoid a complicated discretization in time and space of a nonlinear SPDE. The purpose of this paper is to study the compound Euler scheme when the SDEs are driven by a Brownian motion and a Poisson random measure with infinite Lévy measure. The continuous case and the case of a finite Lévy measure have be already treated. In our case, additional terms specific to the truncation method of the small jumps will appear in our error estimates. In many cases, an optimal choice of parameters allows us to find a standard convergence rate of order 1 over square root of n. However we provide some examples of Lévy measures with much slower convergence rate
La démocratie sociale en matière d’offre de soins face aux syndicats professionnels et à l’État
No full textInternational audienc
Real-world patterns of treatment intensity and prognostic model performance in older AML: Insights from the french ALFA-PPP cohort
No full textInternational audienceBackground: In older patients (pts) with newly diagnosed (ND) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), treatment options have expanded significantly. While intensive chemotherapy (ICT) remains the standard of care for fit pts, venetoclax (VEN)-based low-intensity therapies (LIT) are increasingly used. Despite existing guidelines, the choice between ICT and LIT varies in real-life practice. Advances in understanding the prognostic role of disease genetics have led to risk models for pts receiving LIT, mostly validated in clinical trials. Their relevance in unselected real-world populations, however, remains uncertain. In this study, we analyzed patterns of treatment intensity and evaluated the performance of LIT risk models in a real-world cohort of older pts with ND-AML. Methods: We analyzed data from the ND-AML cohort of the prospective ALFA-PPP study (NCT04777916), initiated in 2022 to collect real-life clinical and biological data from 29 centers. Centralized genomic (50-gene NGS) and MRD assessments were planned for all pts. We report findings from the first 652 pts aged ≥60 years enrolled between April 2022 and June 2025. In those treated with LIT, we assessed the prognostic value of the 4-gene molecular risk signature (mPRS, PMID: 38113472), the ELN-2024 classification (PMID: 39133932), and the refined ELN (rELN)-2024 model (PMID: 39486083). Results: Among 652 pts, 315 were female and 337 male (median age 71y [60–94]; ECOG 0–2/3–4: 625/27; HCT-CI 0–2/≥3: 401/251). AML was de novo in 442 pts (68%), therapy-related in 105 (16%), post-MDS in 70 (11%), and post-MPN in 35 (5%). Among 591 evaluable pts, NPM1, FLT3, IDH1/2, sAML-like mutations (PMID: 35767897), and MR cytogenetic abnormalities were seen in 25%, 21%, 21%, 58%, and 28%, respectively. Of 652 pts, 346 (53%) received ICT (7+3 based regimen: n=187; CPX-351: n=80; other: n=7) and 306 (47%) VEN-based LIT (VEN+azacitidine: n=305; VEN+LDAC: n=1). ICT was used in 89%, 78%, 60%, and 8% of pts aged 60–65, 65–70, 70–75, and >75y, respectively. According to investigators, main reasons for choosing LIT were advanced age (n=253, 83%), comorbidities (n=79, 26%), and AML features (n=74, 24%). Analysis showed that LIT use was independently associated with older age (p<.001), ECOG>2 (p=0.02), HCT-CI≥3 (p<.001), post-MDS (p=0.001), post-MPN (p<.001), sAML-like mutations (p<.001), MR karyotype (p<.001), and TP53 mutations (p<.001). With median follow-up of 15.3m (IQR 7.2–23.8), 12-month OS was 73% (95% CI, 68–79) with ICT vs 46% (95% CI, 40–52) with LIT. Among 288 LIT pts with genetic data (129 female [45%], 159 male [55%]; median age, 77 years [60–94]; ECOG 0–2/3–4: 270/18; HCT-CI 0–2/≥3: 152/136), the mPRS classified 139 (48%) pts as favorable risk, 77 (27%) as intermediate risk, and 72 (25%) as adverse risk. According to ELN-2024, 148 (51%) pts were categorized as favorable, 79 (27%) as intermediate, and 61 (21%) as adverse. The rELN-2024 model reclassified 58 pts (20%) as favorable, 133 (46%) as intermediate, and 97 (34%) as adverse. Median OS was 10.1 months (95% CI, 7.7–12.0). Median OS by mPRS was 13.7 months (95% CI, 11.7–18.9), 10.0 (6.5–13.9), and 4.8 (3.5–7.4) for favorable, intermediate, and adverse-risk pts, respectively. According to ELN-2024, median OS was 13.1 months (11.7–15.5), 10.0 (6.5–13.9), and 4.3 (3.0–7.4), while for rELN-2024, it was 31.0 months (14.2–NA), 11.5 (8.9–14.8), and 4.4 (3.3–7.2), for the favorable, intermediate, and adverse risk group, respectively. Discriminative performance for OS showed a Harrell's c-index of 0.64 (95% CI, 0.58–0.70) for mPRS, 0.64 (0.58–0.70) for ELN-2024, and 0.70 (0.64–0.76) for rELN-2024. Compared to ELN-2024, mPRS showed no significant difference in discriminative ability (pairwise C-index difference via non-parametric bootstrap: ΔC-index = –0.01 [95% CI, –0.02–0.01]; p=0.49). rELN-2024 significantly outperformed both mPRS (ΔC-index = +0.06 [95% CI, 0.02–0.10]; p<.01) and ELN-2024 (ΔC-index = +0.06 [95% CI, 0.02–0.10]; p<.01). Conclusions: In this real-world cohort of ND-AML pts aged ≥60 years, both ICT and VEN-based LIT were commonly administered, with treatment choice guided by patient- and disease-related factors. ICT was associated with encouraging OS outcomes in older selected pts. Among the prognostic models evaluated in the LIT group, the rELN-2024 showed superior discriminative performance compared to mPRS and ELN-2024, most notably by better identifying favorable-risk pts with substantially prolonged OS
Algorithm-driven DNA nanostructure design for advanced functionality
No full textForm and function are intimately linked—a guiding principle across both biology and engineering. While evolution and human ingenuity have shaped this landscape through function-driven form selection, AI-driven generative design expands it beyond natural and intuitive geometries, enabling the exploration of structure-driven functionalities that were previously inaccessible. At the nanoscale, however, realizing such non-intuitive architectures remains a key challenge, limiting the development of multifunctional nanostructures across biology, chemistry, and materials science. To address these constraints, we introduce an algorithmic design paradigm that enables DNA helices to follow non-planar 3D trajectories, thereby supporting the structural and functional outcomes required for advanced capabilities. We implemented this paradigm in ENSnano, an open-source software platform that integrates mathematical models to automate structural design in 3D space without the need of human intervention. This framework allows us to rapidly generate DNA nanostructures with key functional features such as curvature, encapsulation, and hierarchical organization—reminiscent of naturally occurring biological architectures. As a key application, we demonstrate an automated pathway from biological to engineered structures by designing and experimentally assembling Vault-like cages directly derived from the emPDB model of the Vault protein, marking a step forward in biomimetic DNA nanostructure design
Economic Development as a Concept: An Age of Diminished Expectations?
No full textInternational audienc
