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Research hypothesis generation over scientific knowledge graphs
No full textInternational audienceGenerating research hypotheses is a crucial step in scientific investigation that involves the creation of precise, verifiable, and logically valid statements that can be empirically examined. Therefore, many efforts have been made to automate or assist this process through the use of various Artificial Intelligence solutions. However, most existing methods are tailored to very specific domains, particularly within the biomedical field. There have been recent attempts to formalize hypothesis generation as a link prediction task over knowledge graphs. This solution is potentially domain-independent and applicable across diverse disciplines. Nevertheless, current approaches for link prediction, which typically rely on embedding models or path-based methods, have shown limited success in accurately predicting new hypotheses. To address these limitations, this paper introduces ResearchLink, an innovative and domain-independent methodology for hypothesis generation over knowledge graphs. ResearchLink combines path-based features and knowledge graph embeddings with text embeddings, capturing the semantic context of entities within a given corpus, and integrates additional information from bibliometric databases to improve research collaboration predictions. To conduct a rigorous evaluation of ResearchLink, we constructed CSKG-600, a new dataset for hypothesis generation, consisting of 600 statements that were manually labeled by domain experts. ResearchLink achieved outstanding performance (78.7% P@20), significantly outperforming alternative approaches such as TransH (71.8%), TransD (71.7%), and RotatE (70.7%).La génération d’hypothèses de recherche est une étape cruciale de l’investigation scientifique, qui consiste à formuler des énoncés précis, vérifiables et logiquement valides pouvant être examinés empiriquement. De nombreux efforts ont donc été entrepris pour automatiser ou assister ce processus à l’aide de diverses solutions d’intelligence artificielle. Cependant, la plupart des méthodes existantes sont conçues pour des domaines très spécifiques, en particulier dans le secteur biomédical. Des tentatives récentes ont cherché à formaliser la génération d’hypothèses comme une tâche de prédiction de liens dans des graphes de connaissances. Cette approche est potentiellement indépendante du domaine et applicable à diverses disciplines. Néanmoins, les approches actuelles de prédiction de liens, qui reposent généralement sur des modèles d’embedding ou des méthodes basées sur les chemins, ont montré un succès limité dans la prédiction précise de nouvelles hypothèses. Pour surmonter ces limites, cet article présente ResearchLink, une méthodologie innovante et indépendante du domaine pour la génération d’hypothèses à partir de graphes de connaissances. ResearchLink combine des caractéristiques basées sur les chemins et des embeddings de graphes de connaissances avec des embeddings textuels, capturant le contexte sémantique des entités dans un corpus donné, et intègre des informations supplémentaires provenant de bases de données bibliométriques pour améliorer les prédictions de collaboration en recherche. Pour évaluer rigoureusement ResearchLink, nous avons construit CSKG-600, un nouveau jeu de données pour la génération d’hypothèses, composé de 600 énoncés étiquetés manuellement par des experts du domaine. ResearchLink a obtenu des performances remarquables (78,7 % P@20), surpassant significativement d’autres approches telles que TransH (71,8 %), TransD (71,7 %) et RotatE (70,7 %)
Evaluation of metastatic vertebral fracture prediction using personalized biomechanical models on patient data
No full textInternational audienceOur objective was to quantify intervariability as well as the agreement between manual and automatic segmentations in predicting vertebral strength under uniaxial compression. We segmented 29 vertebrae (both healthy and metastatic) from 12 patients of the MEKANOS cohort. Manual segmentation of vertebral bodies was performed using 3D Slicer (v5.6.2) by one expert and two non-expert operators, following a standardized protocol. A deep learning-based automatic segmentation was also performed
Leurs enfants après eux : les victimes pédiatriques, sentinelles des inégalités d'exposition aux contaminations industrielles
No full textInternational audienceDes recherches médicales mettent en évidence un accroissement des cancers pédiatriques dans de nombreux pays. Si certains suggèrent que cet accroissement est lié à l’amélioration du suivi des enfants et du diagnostic de leur état de santé, d’autres pointent des changements majeurs de l’environnement de vie, en particulier la diffusion généralisée de contaminants toxiques. En s’appuyant sur une enquête sociologique en cours portant sur les controverses qui entourent les effets sanitaires des pesticides aux États-Unis et en France, la communication évoque les enjeux sociaux et politiques de ces effets. Elle souligne en particulier la difficulté qu’il y a à documenter précisément les inégalités sociales d’exposition aux pesticides
Franchises hollywoodiennes. Innovations artistiques, technologiques et industrielles
No full textInternational audienceLes franchises hollywoodiennes sont omniprésentes dans l’univers médiatique contemporain depuis près de 50 ans : Star Wars, Terminator, Harry Potter, Le Seigneur des Anneaux, le Marvel Cinematic Universe, etc. Leur puissance économique et leur emprise sur les imaginaires découlent d’une capacité à s’inscrire dans la durée à travers une série de films, et à s’étendre au-delà du cinéma en direction de la télévision, de l’édition, du jeu vidéo ou des produits dérivés, au point de disposer d’une image de marque globalisée. Ce vaste territoire est pourtant moins monolithique qu’il n’y paraît, chaque franchise disposant d’atouts et de handicaps spécifiques.Le présent ouvrage cherche à appréhender le fonctionnement complexe de ces productions contemporaines au moyen d’approches complémentaires, allant de l’esthétique à l’économique, du narratif au culturel, afin de répondre à un faisceau de questions. Quelles sont les origines et les évolutions récentes des franchises hollywoodiennes ? En quoi ces dernières sont-elles propices à l’innovation artistique, technologique et industrielle ? Comment établissent-elles un lien spécifique avec leurs publics ?Avec les contributions de Joël Augros, Pierre Berthomieu, Bérénice Bonhomme, Fabien Boully, Chloé Delaporte, Gaspard Delon, Nathalie Dupont, Claude Forest, Réjane Hamus-Vallée, Kira Kitsopanidou, Hélène Laurichesse, Christopher Meir, Raphaëlle Moine, Hélène Monnet-Cantagrel, Marie Pruvost-Delaspre, Caroline Renouard et Pierre-Olivier Toulza
Underemployment with flexible prices in a simplified model of Keynes’s "shifting equilibrium" - Developments on the "static model of a dynamic process"
No full textThe competitive equilibrium in the General Theory is defined as "shifting" in the sense that, due to fundamental uncertainty, agents’ decisions at any point in time depend on their subjective views of the future, so that equilibrium has no "natural" position, anchored in reliable knowledge of future consequences. This is also what makes it intrinsically dynamic, since the system evolves in function of the change in subjective views induced by its own evolution. In her Macroeconomics After Keynes, Victoria Chick pointed out that the method of the General Theory consists in treating the views about the future as given at a point in time, which makes it possible to study the equilibrium resulting from individual decisions using a static model of the shifting equilibrium. The present contribution extends a previous tribute to Victoria Chick in which the transformations required to move from standard macroeconomic models to the shifting equilibrium model were presented, but in which the behaviour functions were formulated in too general a way for the analytical treatment to go much beyond examining the sign of the relationships between explained and explanatory variables. In the linear version proposed here, whose development leaves behind the perspective of transforming standard models to take its roots directly in the General Theory, the functions are specified in such a way as to allow detailed analysis of the causal relationships and corresponding "mechanisms". Although, from a strictly formal point of view, the model seems to share common features with IS-LM - AS-AD type constructions, it provides radically different insights depending on the theoretical framework used to examine its properties
A scoping review of decision aids for pregnant women around childbirth: Do they improve decision quality, processes, and outcomes?
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Meaningful engagement of women in childbirth decisions is a growing priority in maternity care. Decision aids are tools designed to improve decision quality, decision-making processes quality, care behaviours, and health outcomes (quadruple aim). Objective: To map quantitative studies evaluating the effects of decision aids for women making decisions around childbirth. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane DSR and CENTRAL, CINAHL, and EMBASE (January 1975-April 2025) for reviews, randomized controlled trials and controlled before-and-after studies that assessed the effect of decision aids for childbirth decisions. Results: 28 studies (11 reviews, 17 primary studies) met selection criteria. Most involved high-risk pregnant women and showed that decision aid improved the quality of decision and decision-making process. Positive impacts on care behaviour and health outcomes were more evident when decision aids were combined with other components and required discussions with healthcare providers. Discussion: Although limited, evidence suggests decision aids are more effective when women are prepared to use the tool and healthcare providers are actively involved. The review identified gaps in research targeting low-risk women in low-and middle-income countries and assessing women's value and preferences for shared decisionmaking. Conclusions: Decision aids around childbirth have the potential to meet women's needs in decision-making, appropriate use of care and perinatal health outcomes especially when they are prepared to use the tool and supported by healthcare providers. Future research should evaluate all four aim objectives to strengthen the evidence on the benefits of decision aids, especially for low-risk population and in low-and middle-income countries
Reference tracking and discourse effects on voice alternations beyond the clause in Northern Amis (Austronesian)
No full textInternational audienceAmis (an Austronesian language of Taiwan) has a symmetrical, multi-voice system. Selection of voice and argument structure are multifactorial, with lexical, syntactic and semantic constraints. This corpus analysis of Northern Amis also shows voice and alignment to be selected by the arguments’ referential properties both within and beyond the clause. In the latter case, they react to information management and topic tracking. Discourse factors thus interact with syntax and conspire to choose the definite nominative Patient as the Preferred Syntactic Argument (PSA) argument to be tracked across clauses and sentences. The discourse function of voice selection is infrequently researched in Formosan languages; new perspectives are presented in Northern Amis
