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Understanding the political economy of reforming global health initiatives – insights from global and country levels
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Introduction Since 2000, the number and role of global health initiatives (GHIs) has been growing, with these platforms playing an increasingly important role in pooling and disbursing funds dedicated to specific global health priorities. While recognising their important contribution, there has also been a growth in concerns about distortions and inefficiencies linked to the GHIs and attempts to improve their alignment with country health systems. There is a growing momentum to adjust GHIs to the current broader range of global health threats, such as non-communicable diseases, humanitarian crises and climate change, and against the backdrop of the recent aid cuts. However, reform attempts are challenged by the political economy of the current structures. Methods In this article, we draw on research conducted as part of the Future of Global Health Initiatives process. The study adopted a cross-sectional, mixed-methods approach, drawing from a range of data sources and data collection methods, including a global and regional level analysis as well as three embedded country case studies in Pakistan, South Africa and Senegal. All data was collected from February to July 2023. 271 documents were analysed in the course of the study, along with data from 335 key informants and meeting participants in 66 countries and across a range of constituencies. For this paper, data were analysed using a political economy framework which focused on actors, context (especially governance and financing) and framing. Findings In relation to actors, the GHIs themselves have become increasingly complex (both internally and in their interrelations with other global health actors and one another). They have a large range of clients (including at national level and amongst multilateral agencies) which function as collaborators as well as competitors. Historically there have been few incentives for any of the actors to maximise collaboration given the competitive funding landscape. Power to exert pressure for reforms sits ultimately with bilateral and private funders, though single-issue northern non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are also cited as important influencers. Funders have not collaborated to enable reforms, despite concerns amongst a number of them, because of the helpful functional role of GHIs, which serves funder interests. Some key global boards are reported to be engineered for stasis, and there are widespread concerns about lack of transparency and over-claiming (by some GHIs) of their results. Framing of narratives about achievements and challenges is important to enable or block reforms and are vigorously contested, with stakeholders often selecting different outcomes to emphasise in justifying positions. Conclusion GHIs have played an important role in the global health ecosystem but despite formal accountability structures to include recipient governments, substantive accountability has been focused upwards to funders, with risk management strategies which prioritise tracking resources more than improved national health system performance. Achieving consensus on reforms will be challenging but current funding pressures and new threats are creating a sense of urgency, which may shift positions. Political economy analysis can model and influence these debates
Improving error correction? A contribution to the NASEM consensus study
No full textInternational audienceNASEM (National Academies Science Engineering Medicine, USA) organised a consensus study on "Corrections and Retractions: Upgrading the Scientific Record". I was invited to be a member of panel and these are the slides of my short presentation
La géographie du PMU : quand les courses font rejouer l'histoire coloniale
No full textInternational audienceThe geography of the PMU : when betting on horse races replay colonial history Basedon situated analyses and qualitative surveys conducted in different field sites (France,Benin, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire), this article examines the spatial dynamics of thecompany PMU. Faced with the decline in points of sale (the closure of small bars andrestaurants in towns and villages in France) and the need to find new businessstrategies (following the challenge of digitization), PMU has developed its marketoverseas (DROM) and abroad, including in West Africa. The extension of the practice ofhorse racing to areas that have not historically been concerned but whose links withFrance are inherited from the colonial era represents a form of globalization throughhorse-race betting, made possible by the evolution of communication technologies.À partir d'analyses localisées et d'enquêtes qualitatives menées sur différents terrains (France, Bénin, Sénégal, Côte d'Ivoire), l'article analyse les dynamiques spatiales de la société PMU. Confrontée au recul des points de vente (fermeture des petits bars et restaurants dans les villes et villages en France) et à la nécessité de trouver de nouvelles stratégies commerciales (enjeu de la numérisation), le PMU développe le marché des outre-mer (DROM) et de l'étranger, notamment Afrique de l'Ouest. Cet élargissement de la pratique du pari hippique à des zones historiquement peu concernées mais dont les liens avec la France sont hérités de la colonisation montre une forme de mondialisation par les paris hippiques, rendue possible par l'évolution des moyens de communication.</div
Discriminación lingüística, social y racial. Una aproximación enactiva en el Caribe colombiano
No full textInternational audienceSituated at the intersection of sociophonetics, semiotic anthropology and enactive linguistics, this book explores how linguistic variation is unequally reinterpreted depending on stereotypes about the speaker. Focused on the Colombian Caribbean coast, it reveals processes of discrimination through the differential perception of variation through the prism of social and racial dynamics.Situado en la intersección de la sociolingüística, la antropología semiótica y la lingüística enactiva, este libro explora cómo la variación lingüística es reinterpretada de manera desigual según los estereotipos asociados al hablante. Centrado en la costa caribe colombiana, revela procesos de discriminación a través de la percepción diferenciada de la variación, desde el prisma de las dinámicas sociales y raciales.Situé à l’intersection de la sociophonétique, de l’anthropologie sémiotique et de la linguistique énactive, ce livre explore la manière dont la variation linguistique est inégalement réinterprétée en fonction des stéréotypes associés au locuteur. Centré sur la côte caraïbe colombienne, il met en lumière les processus de discrimination à travers la perception différenciée de la variation, au prisme des dynamiques sociales et raciales
Transparence, responsabilités, normes et régulations dans l'IA en matière d'édition : par quoi commencer
No full textTable ronde intitulée "Transparence, responsabilités, normes et régulations dans l'IA en matière d'édition : par quoi commencer" et animée par Michel Beaudouin-Lafon. Cette table ronde s'est déroulée lors de la journée d'accélération de l'ICCARE-LAB du secteur Édition : IA et littérature, entre fantasmes et réalité, organisée dans le cadre du Salon du livre de l’Édition Indépendante d’Île-de-France (EDIF) "Lisons libres ! Fête de l’édition indépendante en Île-de-France" et s'inscrivant dans le programme de recherche Industries culturelles et créatives (PEPR ICCARE)
Quels modèles d'autonomie dans les espaces d'apprentissage des "habiletés sociales" ?
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Influence du traitement de cémentation - trempe sur le comportement magnétique
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Advertiser-friendly production? A longitudinal study of supplied content diversity on YouTube
No full textInternational audienceYouTube is the second most visited website in the world with an average of 29.6 billion monthly visits and the largest online content repository with 500 hours of videos being uploaded per minute. Its popularity in the cultural industries has drawn the attentions of researchers to provide an overall characterization of YouTube’s landscape from its users (creators and audience) to the available videos (Bärtl 2018, Rieder et al. 2020, Ørmen and Gregersen 2022, McGrady et al. 2023)). However, very little is known about the advertisers’ influence in online creative work (Poell et al. 2021, Joseph and Bishop 2024). To run its operation, YouTube heavily relies on revenues generated by selling advertising spaces on the website. This creates an opportunity for advertisers to exercise an economic influence in platforms’ governance, i.e. in their design and action decisions (Griffin 2023). This influence was observed after the multiple massive departures of advertisers from the platform between 2017 and 2019. In order to retain brands, the platform introduced new moderation rules affecting users’ ability to monetise published content. This example resonates with the works in traditional media economics. With their theoretical model, Anderson and Gabszewicz (2006) found that the production of cultural goods is “shaped by the desire to offer advertisers a vehicle that reaches as many prospective consumers as possible”. This logic impacts the characteristics of supplied goods and media firms tend to cater the taste of the majority of the audience. Contrary to traditional media, YouTube does not own nor produce the videos. The content is provided by third-parties: amateurs and professional content creators. Yet, the interplay of the three sides (audience, creators, brands) determines the magnitude of supplied content (Bhargava 2021). This research explores the ways in which advertiser-friendly moderation policies have an influence on content production and provision strategies. How does the supply of user-generated content evolve in regards to YouTube’s advertiser-friendly policies? In order to answer to this question, this research relies on a large-scale sample of 34,876,723 videos uploaded on YouTube by 81,963 channels between January 2016 and September 2019. This large sample is extracted from YouNiverse dataset which gathers information of more than 136,000 English-speaking YouTube channels (Ribeiro and West 2021). Three massive brands boycotts happened over the period: in March and November 2017 and in Febuary 2019. To characterize the evolution of content supply, three distinct analytical directions are selected: videos count, videos’ duration and used keywords
Poincaré series for analytic convex bodies
No full textWe study Poincaré series associated to strictly convex bodies in the Euclidean space. These series are Laplace transforms of the distribution of lengths (measured with the Finsler metric associated to one of the bodies) from one convex body to a lattice. Assuming that the convex bodies have analytic boundaries, we prove that the Poincaré series, originally defined in the right complex half-plane, continues holomorphically to a conical neighborhood of this set, removing a countable set of cuts and points. The latter correspond to the spectrum of a dual elliptic operator. We describe singularities of the Poincaré series at each of these branching points. One of the steps of the proof consists in showing analytic continuation of the resolvent of multiplication operators by a real-valued analytic Morse function on the sphere as a branched holomorphic function, a result of independent interest
Sensitivity of tropical woodland savannas to El Niño droughts
No full textInternational audienceThe 2015-2016 El Niño event led to one of the hottest and most intense droughts for many tropical forests, profoundly impacting forest productivity. However, we know little about how this event affected the Cerrado, the largest savanna in South America. Here, we report on 5 years of productivity of the dominant vegetation types in the Cerrado, namely savanna (cerrado) and transitional forest-savanna (cerradão), continuously tracked before, during, and after the El Niño. Between 2014 and 2019, we carried out intensive monitoring of the productivity of key vegetation components (stems, leaves, roots). Cerradão productivity declined strongly by 29 % during the El Niño event. The most impacted component was stem productivity, which was reduced by 58 %. By contrast, cerrado productivity varied little over the years, and while the most affected component was fine roots, declining by 38 % during the event, fine-root productivity recovered soon after the El Niño. The two vegetation types also showed contrasting patterns in terms of the allocation of productivity to canopy, wood, and fine-root production. Our findings demonstrate that the cerradão can show low resistance and resilience to climatic disturbances due to the slow recovery of productivity. This suggests that the transitional Amazon-Cerrado ecosystems between South America's largest biomes may be particularly vulnerable to drought, enhanced by climate change