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L'après-Barkhane au Sahel : des djihadistes aux portes du pouvoir ?
No full textL'opération Barkhane menée par la France au Sahel n'a pas permis d'endiguer la progression des groupes djihadistes. Depuis la fin de cette opération en 2022, la violence continue à se développer. Des diagnostics simplificateurs ou erronés circulent fréquemment sur la nature des insurrections sahéliennes. Les groupes concernés ne doivent pas être surestimés : ils ne sont pas en mesure d'imposer une gouvernance durable sur de larges territoires, et encore moins sur des pays entiers
Evaluation of pelvic floor rehabilitation in the prevention of low anterior resection syndrome: Study protocol of the CONTICARE trial
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Aim Bowel dysfunction following sphincter‐preserving rectal resection for cancer, commonly referred to as low anterior resection syndrome (LARS), significantly impacts patients' quality of life. Preventing this condition is essential for healthcare teams. Postoperative pelvic floor rehabilitation, including anal biofeedback therapy, has shown potential in alleviating established LARS symptoms. This trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of pelvic floor rehabilitation prior to bowel continuity restoration in preventing LARS in patients undergoing sphincter‐preserving rectal resection for cancer. Methods CONTICARE is a national multicentre randomized trial. Patients who have undergone total mesorectal excision with sphincter preservation and a defunctioning stoma ( n = 174; 87 per arm) will be randomly assigned to either the rehabilitation or control group before stoma closure. The rehabilitation group will receive systematic pelvic floor rehabilitation, comprising four sessions before and six sessions after stoma closure, following a standardized approach. The control group will receive standard follow‐up care, which includes symptom‐based therapy after ileostomy closure. The primary outcome measure will be the severity of LARS, assessed using the dedicated LARS score at 6 months. Comparisons of faecal incontinence symptoms, quality of life and complications related to biofeedback therapy will also be evaluated at 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year between the two groups. Conclusion Pelvic floor rehabilitation has the potential to enhance symptom management and quality of life for patients following rectal resection by preventing LARS. The combination of anal exercises and biofeedback therapy, which has been extensively studied without reported adverse effects, suggests that the anticipated benefits outweigh any potential risks. Clinical Trial Registration: Registration number NCT03876561, first published on 15 March 2019. ClinicalTrials.gov
Sous-emploi à prix flexibles dans un modèle simplifié de "l'équilibre mouvant" de Keynes - Développements sur le "modèle statique d'un processus dynamique"
No full textL'équilibre concurrentiel dans la Théorie Générale est défini comme "mouvant" au sens où, du fait de l'incertitude fondamentale, les décisions des agents dépendent en tout point du temps de leurs vues subjectives concernant l'avenir, de sorte que l'équilibre n'a pas de position "naturelle", ancrée dans une connaissance fiable des conséquences futures. C'est aussi ce qui le rend intrinsèquement dynamique, puisque le système évolue en fonction du changement des vues subjectives induit par sa propre évolution. Dans son Macroeconomics After Keynes, Victoria Chick fit remarquer que la méthode de la Théorie Générale consiste à traiter les vues sur l'avenir en un point du temps comme données, ce qui permet d’étudier l’équilibre résultant des décisions individuelles à l’aide d'un modèle statique de l’équilibre mouvant. La présente contribution prolonge un précédent hommage à Victoria Chick dans lequel les transformations nécessaires pour passer des modèles macroéconomiques standards au modèle d'équilibre mouvant étaient présentées, mais dans lequel les fonctions de comportement étaient formulées de manière trop générale pour que le traitement analytique aille beaucoup au-delà de l'examen du signe des relations entre les variables expliquées et explicatives. Dans la version linéaire proposée ici, dont l’élaboration s'éloigne de la perspective de transformation des modèles standards pour s'enraciner directement dans la Théorie Générale, les fonctions sont spécifiées de manière à permettre une analyse détaillée des relations causales et des "mécanismes" correspondant. Bien que, d'un point de vue strictement formel, le modèle semble partager des caractéristiques communes avec les constructions de type IS-LM - AS-AD, il livre des enseignements radicalement différents selon le cadre théorique utilisé pour examiner ses propriétés
Nouvelles puissances politiques du cinéma au Maghreb : historicité des pratiques contemporaines et dimension transnationale
No full textOn the rise of be having to in English: a cognitive-functional account
No full textInternational audienceAbstract While literature on English modality has usually focused on traditional modal and semi-modal verbs, to our knowledge, no attention has ever been given to the emerging be having to (BHT) construction. Through corpus analysis conducted on GloWbE, ICE, BNC and CLMET, this article investigates the semantic differences between have to and BHT that make them distinct in the English constructicon. We demonstrate that BHT conveys meanings of contingency, reluctance and inchoativity, and propose that its recent emergence may stem from a specific functional gap within the English modal system. While have to appears to be gradually grammaticalizing with future-oriented functions, BHT seems to be renewing the original (and less grammaticalized) dynamic functions of have to. Finally, we explore the productivity of the construction across different English varieties and the reasons for its lower frequency in postcolonial varieties. The hypothesis of negative retentionism proposes that a feature that was absent in the lexifier language at the time of contact may indeed be found to be less frequently used in the contact variety at a later stage due to colonial lag
The tortoise and the hare: evolving modal constructions inSingapore and British English
No full textInternational audienc
La couleur des rôles. Enquête sur la division raciale du travail actorial
No full textInternational audienceL’absence de diversité sur les écrans et les planches est régulièrement décriée. Où sont les visages, les accents, les récits multiples qui composent le pays ? Et comment agir pour élargir les imaginaires cinématographiques, télévisuels et théâtraux ? Pour répondre à ces questions, Maxime Cervulle et Sarah Lécossais ont mené l’enquête. Leur étude rend compte des expériences de ces comédiennes et comédiens que l’on désigne encore comme « issus de la diversité » et permet de comprendre la manière dont les pratiques professionnelles en matière de distribution artistique conduisent à les écarter. Le constat qu’ils dressent est saisissant. Il donne à voir la manière dont les assignations configurent les trajectoires professionnelles des actrices et acteurs perçus comme non blancs, dessinant simultanément les contours d’opportunités et d’obstacles, les frontières des rôles prescrits et proscrits. Du temps de la formation aux phases du recrutement, des plateaux de tournage aux coulisses de théâtres, leur carrière se trouve sous l’emprise de catégories ethnoraciales dont il est difficile – et rare – de pouvoir se défaire. C’est ainsi la mécanique des discriminations dans les industries culturelles, et leur profonde banalisation, qui se trouvent exposées : entre assignations à des rôles stéréotypés, relégation à des places subalternes et racisme ordinaire sur les plateaux
Characteristics of Human Metapneumovirus Infection Compared to Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza Infections in Adults Hospitalized for Influenza-Like Illness in France, 2012–2022
No full textInternational audienceBackground: We aimed to compare the characteristics of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection with influenza A and B virus (FLUV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in adults hospitalized with influenza-like illness (ILI).Methods: We conducted a post hoc analysis of adult patients hospitalized with community-acquired ILI who were enrolled in the FLUVAC study at 5 French referral hospitals from 2012 to 2022.Results: At least 1 respiratory virus was detected in 3620 of 6618 patients (55%), including FLUV (1524/3620 [42%]), RSV (248/3620 [7%]), and hMPV (162/3620 [5%]). hMPV+ patients, when compared to FLUV+ patients were more likely to develop at least 1 complication (60% [86/143] vs 50% [716/1435]; P = .02), especially acute heart failure, which occurred twice as often in hMPV+ during the hospital stay (22% [32/143] vs 11% [160/1434]; P < .001). The rates of respiratory (30% [43/143] vs 32% [70/216]; P = .73) or cardiac (22% [32/143] vs 15% [33/216]; P = .09) complications did not differ between hMPV+ and RSV+ patients. The in-hospital all-cause death rate was similar among all 3 populations (4% hMPV+, 4% FLUV+, and 5% RSV+).Conclusions: Hospitalized hMPV infections affect older patients with multiple chronic conditions who face frequent cardiac and pulmonary complications during hospitalization more frequently than with influenza and similar to RSV
Nanocolumnar ZrCu thin film metallic glass with tailored mechanical and electrical properties
No full textInternational audienceThin-film metallic glasses (TFMGs) are promising materials for flexible electronics due to their large deformability and metallic-like electrical conductivity. Here, we synthesize homogeneous and nanocolumnar ZrCu TFMGs with tailored column size ranging from 16 up to 60 nm, investigating the relationship among atomic structure, electrical and mechanical properties focusing on their potential applications in flexible electronics. Tracer diffusion experiments indicate an absence of macroscopic cracks and enhanced diffusion coefficient for nanocolumnar TFMGs, up to one order of magnitude higher than in homogeneous counterpart, due to the presence of intercolumnar interfaces. We show that electrical resistivity increases with decreasing column size (from 570.0 ± 11.6 down to 285.9 ± 12.6 µΩ × cm) due to the enhanced electron scattering events at intercolumnar interfaces. Tensile tests on polymeric substrates reveal that the crack onset strain increases from 0.8 ± 0.05 up to 1.6 ± 0.05 % for large diameter nanocolumns due to the lower density of intercolumnar interfaces and presence of strong Cu-Cu bonds. Overall, we show how nanoengineering design concepts can be applied to TFMGs to tune their mechanical and electrical performance by controlling the nanocolumnar growth, paving the way for their potential applications in flexible electronics
Strong and ductile of metallic thin films through advanced nanoengineered design strategies
No full textInternational audienceThe current trend toward miniaturization in devices components in key technologies such as microelectronics, energy production, sensors and wear protection requires the development of high-performance thin films (TFs) with superior mechanical properties combining mutually excluding mechanical properties such as high yield strength and ductility. Achieving such performance, relies on leveraging microstructure-induced mechanical properties, requiring the precise control of TF’s microstructure, atomic composition, grain size and thickness based on nanoengineering design concepts.Here, I will present recent results for several class of advanced TF materials including nanostructured metallic glasses (ZrCu, ZrCuAl) [1, 2] high entropy alloys (CoCuCrFeNi, AlxCoCuCrFeNi) and nanolaminates (fully amorphous, amorphous/crystalline, FCC/BCC) [3, 4], highlighting how the control of the microstructure affect the and micro-scale mechanical behavior and enable ultimate mechanical properties. Among the main results, I will show the fabrication of fully amorphous Zr24Cu76/Zr61Cu39 nanolaminates by magnetron sputtering with controlled nanoscale periodicity (Λ, down to 5 nm), local chemistry and glass-glass interfaces [3]. I will show how the shear band instability can be mitigated when Λ ≤ 50 nm, reaching remarkably large elastic/plastic deformation (16%) and yield strength (~2GPa) by micro-pillar compression [3]. Then, I will present the potential of Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) as a novel technique to synthetize nanostructured cluster-assembled metallic glass and HEA-based TF. I will show how PLD-deposited ZrCu metallic glass can reach ultimate yield strength (>3 GPa) and ductility (>6 %). Then, I will focus on the synthesis of crystal/glass ultrafine nanolaminates by PLD [4] in which ∼4 nm Al (crystalline) separate 6 and 9 nm-thick Zr50Cu50 metallic glass nanolayers, showing high yield strength (3.4 GPa) in combination with enhanced elastoplastic deformation (>6%, in compression), while managing to effectively block the percolation of shear bands even at >15% deformation [4]. Finally, I will present, the synthesis of CoCrCuFeNi HEA-TFs with a wide range of microstructures and nanosized grains, enabling strong Hall-Petch strengthening and thermal stability.In the last part of the seminar, I will present recent developments within LSPM, highlighting new research activities dealing with the synthesis of nanostructured metallic films and the development of a new platform for in situ SEM mechanical-electrical characterization.References[1] M. Ghidelli et al., Acta Mater. 213 (2021) 116955.[2] C. Poltronieri et al., Acta Mater. 258 (2023) 119226.[3] A. Brognara et al., Small Struct. (2024) 2400011.[4] F. Bignoli et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 16(27) (2024) 35686-35696