Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
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Effect of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) Extract on Bleeding Time in Male White Mice (Mus musculus L.)
No full textCessation of bleeding is influenced by many factors including the type of medication used. The use of drugs to stop bleeding can be done in various ways, one of which is the use of traditional medicine. One of the traditional plants that can be used as a stop bleeding is broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) which has a fairly high vitamin K content, where is efficacious as hemostatic. This study aims to determine the effect of broccoli on the bleeding time of mice tail cuts. The first group was negative control (Na-CMC), the second group was positive control (tranexamic acid), while groups three, four, and five were broccoli extract dose of 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg BW, respectively. All treatments were given orally for seven days. Bleeding time was calculated from the initial blood loss until the blood stopped (tail bleeding I method) and the data were analyzed with the ANOVA one way test and the post hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) statistical test. The results showed that there were differences in the time to stop bleeding in the treatment control group at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW (122.60 ± 29.535 seconds), 40 mg/kg BW (102.40 ± 9.607 seconds) and 60 mg/kg BW (90.40 ± 3.845 seconds). From these results, it can be concluded that the extract of broccoli at a dose of 60 mg/kg BW gives the best results as hemostatic, while the effect is almost similar to the positive control group
Level of Cytokine Interleukin-6 and Interleukin 1-β on Infectious Rat Model Treated with Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith Fruit Extract as Immunomodulator
No full textEtlingera elatior (Jack) R.M Smith or locally in Southeast Sulawesi known as Wualae fruit has activity as an immunomodulator by increasing phagocytosis activity. Prior studies have been conducted to observe the effect of E. elatior as an immunomodulator, thus further study is needed to observe the production of cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6 which are responsible for the immune responses. Etlingera elatior fruit macerated with 96% ethanol for three days and produced a total of ±74.6 g concentrated extract. Experimental animals used were divided into four groups (n=4) and treated orally once a day for seven days as follows: group I (0.5% Na CMC); group II (Stimuno®); group III (E. elatior fruit extract dose of 300 mg/kg BW); and group IV (E. elatior fruit extract dose of 400 mg/kg BW). On the eight-day, animals were infected with Staphylococcus aureus intraperitoneally and left for an hour. Thereafter, blood was collected and assayed using ELISA Kit (Elabscience rat IL-1β and Elabscience rat IL-6). Results demonstrated that group IV increased levels of IL-1β and group III and IV increased level of IL-6 (p<0.05). Increased levels of IL-1β and IL-6 are associated with phagocytosis in the immune response. In conclusion, E. elatior fruit extract at doses of 300 and 400 mg/kg BW increases levels of IL-1β and IL-6
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Africa
No full textCarbapenems are regarded as unique among the β-lactam antibiotics due to their broad spectrum of activity and ability to resist β-lactamase hydrolysis. Carbapenems are the only β-lactam antibiotics with efficacy in severe infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. However, recent reports of carbapenem resistance particularly among members of Enterobacteriaceae that are responsible for diseases such as gastrointestinal infections, septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis, peritonitis as well as urinary tract infections, call for concerns. In Africa, the problem of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is aggravated by factors such as the high rate of infections, poor diagnostic tools, sub-optimal disease surveillance, and abuse of antibiotics. Besides, the problem of CRE in Africa is understudied. This review distills available literature on the spread of CRE in Africa, CRE genes in circulation, and the need to pay attention to this emerging threat to lives in developing countries
Microscopical Investigation of Sideritis taurica
No full textThis research presents the results of the morphological-anatomical study of grass organs above ground (leaves, stems, and flowers) from Sideritis taurica Steph. ex Willd. from the Lamiaceae family. The range of distribution of this species covers Eastern Europe, including Crimea, Caucasus. This plant is commonly found as an ornamental plant and grows in the southern and central regions of Russia. The purpose of this study is the anatomical and morphological study of the vegetative organs of S. taurica and the formation of diagnostic signs for reliable plant identification. The research material used was S. taurica herbicide samples collected in Crimea on the slopes of Mount Ay-Petri. Plant material is fixed in the glycerin : water system in a ratio of 1 : 1. Cross-section of stems and leaves is carried out using blades. The study was conducted with the morphological-anatomical method. The results obtained indicate the anatomical structure of the lamina, stem, and flower of the plant that has been studied. Anomocytic types of stomatal devices, unicellular and multicellular trichomes, located on the upper and lower sides of the leaf, as well as on the corolla stem and epidermis, have been discovered. The study carried out is part of the S. taurica complex pharmacognostic study
Design of Experiments Assessment for the Determination of Moisture Content in Five Herbal Raw Materials Contained in Tea Products
No full textResearch interest in natural raw materials is rapidly growing due to the high demand for natural products like herbal teas. Their quality control has a direct impact on safety and efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of sample’s mass and temperature on moisture content in Camellia sinensis (Black tea), Cassia fistula (Senna), Chamaemelum nobile (Chamomille), Lippia alba (Juanilama) and Tilia platyphyllos (Linden) with a gravimetric method developed through a full factorial 32 DoE. A response optimizer was executed in order to establish the test conditions that allow obtaining a response according to a target value from a certified method. DoE’s ANOVA shows reproducibility for Camellia sinensis, Cassia fistula, and Lippia alba. Also, the method’s model is able to explain the response variability for all samples based on the R2 (adj). The composite desirability for the proposed conditions of analysis for the five herbal materials is satisfactory according to each target value. However, the lack of reproducibility in Chamaemelum nobile and Tilia platyphyllos and also, the response prediction problems according to the R2 (pred) for Cassia fistula and Chamaemelum nobile, suggest the execution of further studies for them. Therefore, the present method is considered to be adequate for the analysis of moisture content in Camellia sinensis and Lippia alba raw herbs
Preliminary Survey on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices about the COVID-19 Pandemic among Residents in North Central Nigeria
No full textA preliminary survey on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the COVID-19 pandemic among residence in North Central Nigeria, was conducted. An anonymous electronic network sampling survey designed by e-survey was employed. The result showed that on the level of knowledge and practice, 76.83% opined that people may be sick for 1-14 days without developing the symptoms. On the viral transmission, 94.41% agreed that the transmission of the virus can be through direct contact with contaminated surfaces through eyes, nose, and mouth, as well as 78.35%, responded that the virus doesn't penetrate the skin. More so 92.04% of the respondents showed that older and sick people are more vulnerable to the disease with 98.86% showing that the most common symptoms may include fever, tiredness, dry cough, and sometimes difficulty in breathing. Only 24.43% asserted that COVID-19 cannot be transmitted through social gatherings, going put often, making direct physical contact with people. Meanwhile, 21.02% showed COVID-19 is a punishment for immoral behavior. On the rate of the outbreak, 94.32% said it is scary. Only 55.11% asserted approval of the control approach by the government. However, 82.29% would agree with the response of the masses to government measures to control the spread. On the way forward, 98.87% advised the need for more research and 87.08% would approve of vaccination against the disease. This implies that the respondents have a good level of knowledge and practice about COVID-19 and necessary adjustments are needed to control or manage the spread of the pandemic
Advantages of Herbal Over Allopathic Medicine in the Management of Kidney and Urinary Stones Disease
No full textKidney and urinary stone disease (Nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis) are the condition where urinary stones or calculi are formed in the urinary tract. The problem of urinary stones is very ancient; these stones are found in all parts of the urinary tract, kidney, ureters, and the urinary bladder and may vary considerably in size. It is a common disease estimated to occur in approximately 12% of the population, with a recurrence rate of 70-81% in males and 47-60% in females. The treatment of kidney and urinary stone diseases such as a western (allopathy) medicine and surgery is now in trends. However, most people preferred plant-based (herbal) therapy because of the overuse of allopathic drugs, which results in a higher incidence rate of adverse or severe side effects. Therefore, people every year turn to herbal therapy because they believe plant-based medicine is free from undesirable side effects, although herbal medicines are generally considered to be safe and effective. In the present article, an attempt has been made to emphasize an herbal therapy is better than allopathic therapy for the management of the kidney and urinary stone disease
Coronavirus-SARS-CoV-2: Biology and Problems in rRT-PCR Detection
No full textCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first appeared in China in December 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. COVID-19 is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new virus previously unknown to humans. Here we look at what is known about this virus, the main method for detecting the presence of this virus in a person who is used as a golden standard, and the problems that could arise in this detection method. Understanding the biology of the virus and the strengths and weaknesses of the detection method are important for patient management and for overcoming the pandemic
Cover, Content, and Editorial Note from Borneo J Pharm Vol. 3 Special Issue 1 June 2020
No full textCOVID-19 is currently the most researched topic worldwide. Apart from the effects that are caused by such a massive, also because the most effective therapies to treat it has still not been found. Therefore, researchers around the world seem to compete with time to research to find ways to overcome the global pandemic. Seeing this trend, the Borneo Journal of Pharmacy (Borneo J Pharm) does not want to be left behind to participate in sharing information related to COVID-19, and Alhamdulillahirabbil 'alamin, in the middle of 2020 Borneo J Pharm published its first Special Issue with the related Research and Review theme of COVID-19. This edition contains five articles both research articles and reviews from domestic and foreign authors. The authors came from four countries consisting of Indonesia, India, Saudi Arabia, and Nigeria. The authors also come from several institutions, including Kota College of Pharmacy, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam University, Raffles University, Oxford College of Pharmacy, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Technology Minna, University of Abuja, Benue State Polytechnic, Rahul Sankrityayan College of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, and Universitas Muhammadiyah Bandun
Role of Cannabinoid Receptors in Psychological Disorder
No full textCannabinoid receptors, located throughout the body, are part of the endocannabinoid system. Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors are G protein-coupled receptors present from the early stages of gestation, which is involved in various physiological processes, including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory. Due to the lipophilic nature of cannabinoids, it was initially thought that these compounds exert several biological effects by disrupting the cell membrane nonspecifically. Recent biochemical and behavioral findings have demonstrated that blockade of CB1 receptors engenders antidepressant-like neurochemical changes (increases in extracellular levels of monoamines in cortical but not subcortical brain regions) and behavioral effects consistent with antidepressant/antistress activity. We aim to define various roles of cannabinoid receptors in modulating signaling pathways and association with several pathophysiological conditions