Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
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Analysis of Management Elements in Antibiotic Inventory Control with EOQ and MMSL Methods at Aisyiyah Bojonegoro Hospital
No full textInventory control is important in managerial activities because it involves investment and is hospitals' most significant expenditure component. The Aisyiyah Bojonegoro Hospital requires a logistics management system that can maintain the safety and effectiveness of the use of drugs for the smooth running of hospital pharmaceutical services in the long term. This analytical observational study analyzes management elements in controlling antibiotic inventory by simulating the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Minimum-Maximum Stock Level (MMSL) methods. Determination of the sample purposively, i.e., 17 types of antibiotic drugs category A from the results of the ABC analysis, with the inclusion criteria being high cost, high volume, clinically important drugs for antibiotic drugs that are included in the 2020 Hospital Formulary and the exclusion criteria are drugs with inadequate supply. The analysis technique used the Mann-Whitney test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that. Applying the EOQ and MMSL methods has been proven to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the supply of category A antibiotics at Aisyiyah Bojonegoro Hospital
Identification of Biological Risk Genes and Candidate Drugs for Psoriasis Vulgaris by Utilizing the Genomic Information
No full textPsoriasis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation on the skin's surface, characterized by the appearance of pink plaques covered with white scales. Currently, the availability of psoriasis vulgaris therapy is still limited. Therefore, considering the discovery of new drug candidates by utilizing genetic variations, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) through drug repurposing, is a profitable method. The SNP associated with psoriasis was obtained from Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Phenom-Wide Association Studies (PheWAS) databases. We identified 245 SNPs associated with psoriasis vulgaris with criteria of r2 >0.8. To prioritize the candidate of a gene associated with psoriasis, we used five criteria of functional annotation (missense/nonsense, cis-eQTL, PPI, KEGG, and KO mice) where if there were more than two criteria of assessment, they were defined as the risk gene of psoriasis vulgaris. Fifty-two genes were identified as the risk gene of psoriasis vulgaris, then expanded using the STRING database to obtain more gene candidates of drug targets. The result is 104 genes candidates for drug targets, of which 24 overlapped with 96 drugs, according to DrugBank. Of the 96 drugs that have been approved for other indications, we found that five drugs (ustekinumab, tildrakizumab, risankizumab, guselkumab, and etanercept) are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of psoriasis that target two genes (IL23A and TNF). We argue that these two genes are the most promising targets based on their high target scores on functional annotations. This research explains the potential that utilizing genomic variation can contribute to drug discovery
Iron-Overload Conditions: Manifestations to the Kidney Organs – A Review
No full textExcess iron is a risk factor for organ dysfunction and damage resulting in various organ diseases such as liver, heart, and kidney, diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative diseases. Iron overload in some individuals is caused by various factors, including genetic predisposition such as genetic hemochromatosis, repeated transfusion of red blood cells, and parenteral iron administration in conditions of transfusion-dependent anemia. A disturbance in the globin gene in diseases such as β-thalassemia major causes an imbalance of the globin chain, resulting in chronic anemia in the sufferer. It has been reported that the human body does not have a mechanism for eliminating excess iron levels. Routine transfusion has become a solution to overcome chronic anemia so that patients can maintain hemoglobin levels, and the result of this transfusion repetition is the accumulation of iron in various organs, such as the heart, liver, endocrine glands, pancreas, lungs, and kidneys. Excess iron can be toxic to the body due to the formation of harmful free radicals that can damage cells and tissues. An increase in excessive ROS can result in the saturation of the antioxidant system. The presence of free radicals can lead to damage and the occurrence of filtration dysfunction in the glomerulus
Morphology Analysis of Hair Photoinduced and Chemical Damaged After Treatment with Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Hair Tonic using SEM
No full textExposure to sunlight for a long time and repeatedly can also cause chemical and physical damage to human hair. Clinically, microscopic analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) can assess hair damage by identifying the characteristic morphology of hair damage. This study aims to analyze the morphology of damaged hair chemically induced using 3% H2O2 and photoinduced UVB radiation before and after applying sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan) hair tonic. The active ingredients used were ethanol extract, ethanol fraction, and chloroform-methanol fraction of C. sappan, which contains an antioxidant compound. Caesalpinia sappan simplicia was macerated using 96% ethanol and then partitioned using n-hexane. The ethanol fraction was then applied using vacuum column chromatography using chloroform : methanol (5 : 1) as eluent. The extracts and fractions were then formulated into hair tonic preparations. For SEM analysis, hair samples were coated with a sputter gold coater machine and divided into five treatments: undamaged hair, damaged hair with 3% H2O2 and UVB rays as a positive control, and treatment I, II, and III, in which the hair was damaged with 3% H2O2 and UVB rays respectively, then FI, FII, and FIII were applied, respectively (2000x magnification). Damaged hair with UVB induction shows moderate damage, and 3% H2O2 shows moderate to severe damage. The results in the treatment group show that the three hair tonics coated the hair cuticle, indicating an interaction with the hair fiber, and modified the cuticle by coating the cuticle
Column Chromatography Fractionation and Antioxidant Activity of Passiflora foetida Leaves
No full textAvailable synthetic antioxidants have been reported to have mutagenic and toxic effects. On the other hand, natural antioxidants show their superiority as they are not or less toxic. Passiflora foetida has the potential as an antioxidant, but the investigation of the antioxidant activity of the P. foetida chromatography column fraction has not been reported. This studied aims to investigate the antioxidant activity of the column chromatographic fractions of P. foetida leaves. An antioxidant assay using the DPPH and FRAP methods. The extraction was carried out by graded maceration, then fractionation using column chromatography. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH and FRAP methods. Thin Layer Chromatography analysis was performed to determine the chromatogram pattern. The EC50 using DPPH method from n-hexane extract: 129.035 µg/mL, ethyl acetate extract: 206.398 µg/mL, methanol extract: 97.453 µg/mL, while the EC50 using FRAP method from n-hexane extract: 67.851 µg/mL, ethyl acetate extract : 68.981 µg/mL, and methanol extract: 58.787 µg/mL. Column chromatography fractions have antioxidant activity, with FMetPF6 as the fraction with the best activity, with percent inhibition 41.85±1.96 at concentration 25 µg/mL (DPPH), and with percent antioxidant activity 26.03±0.84 at concentration 9 µg/mL (FRAP). Passiflora foetida leaves have great potential as an antioxidant; both the extract and its fractions have antioxidant activity. The FMetPF6 has the best activity compare to other extracts and fractions. Further analysis to determine the various compounds in FMetPF6 using LC-MS/MS will facilitate the active compound's isolation
Tentative Identification of Compounds, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of the Edible Part of Benincasa hispida L. fruit (Cucurbitaceae)
No full textThe edible part of Benicasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. fruit is traditionally used in Southeast Sulawesi to treat high blood pressure, typhoid fever, and body cooling. The present study evaluated the chemical compounds present in the 80% ethanol of the edible part of the plant using phytochemical screening and an LC-MS analysis, antioxidant activity based on assays on total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and DPPH, and antimicrobial activity towards Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins in the extract. As many as eighteen compounds (1-18) were tentatively identified in the extract, including sugars, a simple phenolic, a tricarboxylic acid, a peptide, flavonoids, quinic acid derivatives, phytosterols, triterpenoids, and saponins. The extract exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity with an SC50 value of 23.4 µg/mL, although its TPC (1.1±0.1 mg GAE/g extract) and TFC (1.0±0.1 mg QE/g extract) values were considered in low amounts. The extract was found inactive to inhibit the microbial growths of all tested microbes. However, raffinose (3) present in the extract might be beneficial as a prebiotic to promote a healthy human gut. The study concludes that the 80% ethanol extract of the edible part of B. hispida fruit could be used to develop natural antioxidant agents and nutraceuticals
Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemicals of Locally Consumed Plant Foods from Baguio City, Philippines
No full textIn the Philippines, Baguio City – known as the “City of Pines” – holds the country’s major source of temperate climate vegetables. With increased dietary awareness, the consumption of plant foods rich in antioxidants has become relevant. Twenty-nine methanolic extracts from Baguio-produced plant foods were evaluated for antioxidant potential using DPPH, ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelation, superoxide anion, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, MTT reduction, and phytochemical tests. Fagopyrum tataricum leaves, Vaccinium myrtoides fruit, and Morus alba fruit showed the most effective DPP radical, concentration-dependent reducing power, but low metal chelating activity. Solanum tuberosum tuber (22.86±63.26%) showed effective concentration-dependent chelating activity at 125 μg/mL. Citrus aurantium fruit (26.77±9.24%) and Raphanus raphanistrum root (41.13±0.11%) demonstrated an effective scavenging activity against superoxide anions at 45.5 μg/mL. Significant nitric oxide scavenging activity was observed in some fruits. Brassica oleracea Cab leaves (54.36 ± 2.38%) showed the highest inhibitory activity against hydroxyl radicals at 166.7 μg/mL. Phytochemical analyses showed that most plant samples revealed the presence of glycosides, terpenes/terpenoids, and steroids/phytosterols, while few contained phenolic and tannin components. These phytochemicals may explain the dual behavior as an antioxidant or a prooxidant observed. Thus, determining food antioxidant component types and their concentration is necessary to maximize the potential to scavenge oxidants
Changes in Mean Arterial and Blood Pressure in Using Nicardipine in Hypertensive Crisis Patients at the Hajj General Hospital Surabaya from August to December 2021
No full textHypertension crisis is one of the most common disease problems; it will cause complications and death. Therapeutic management guidelines that the calcium channel blocker group, one of which is nicardipine, can increase the achievement of goals in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in preventing the progression of organ damage. This study aimed to evaluate the use of nicardipine therapy on the MAP and blood pressure (BP) in patients with hypertension crisis. The research design was cross-sectional with statistical analysis—retrospective data collection at Hajj General Hospital Surabaya for August to December 2021. The number of samples in this study matched the inclusion criteria; 20 patients were obtained, 16 with a diagnosis of hypertension emergency, and four with hypertension urgency who received single or combined intravenous nicardipine therapy <0.005 with an average BP decrease of pre 20.375±31.492/103.50±10.400 mmHg and post 121.34±14.364/81.80±11.186 so that intravenous nicardipine therapy was significant in reducing systolic and diastolic BP. In the profile of the MAP value statistically using the paired T-test, it was found that the P-value was 0.000 < 0.005 with a decrease in the MAP pre-value of 135.028±13.8857 mmHg and post 93.650±8.9499 mmHg, showing a reduction in MAP as expected. In conclusion, using nicardipine intravenously at a 5 mg/hour dose has shown an optimal decrease in BP and MAP in hypertensive emergency and urgency patients
Acute Toxicity of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Ipomoea reptans Poir Leaves Extract on Female Wistar Rats
No full textIpomoea reptans Poir has many health benefits, such as decreasing blood glucose and as an antioxidant. Self-nano emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) are an innovation in pharmaceutical technology that minimizes drug molecules and maximizes surface area, thus increasing drug absorption. This study aimed to investigate SNEDDS of I. reptans acute toxicity in female Wistar rats. An acute toxicity test was done using a limit test of OECD 423. Female Wistar rats were divided into control and treatment groups, with three animals for each group being used per step. No animals died after they were given SNEDDS of I. reptans leaves extract at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. No toxic effect was detected at clinical examination and histopathology of the organ. SNEDDS of I. reptans leaves extract had an LD50 cut-off value of 5000 mg/kg
Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoemulsion Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) Herbs with Composition of Smix (Tween 80 and Glycerin) and Pine Oil
No full textKelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) herb is a typical South Kalimantan plant containing bioactive substances that can serve as antioxidants. It can be formulated into nanoemulsions to increase bioavailability in the skin. This study aimed to determine the ratio of pine oil and Smix (tween 80 and glycerin) as the optimal base for nanoemulsion based on the highest percent transmittance and to determine the physical characteristics of the S. palustris herb extract nanoemulsion with variations in the amount of extract. Bases of nanoemulsion formula were optimized using a ternary phase diagram and D-Optimal Mixture Design. Nanoemulsion contained three extract concentrations: 0.1; 0.25; and 0.5%, respectively, and nanoemulsion was tested for physical characteristics. The results of this study were a light yellow to light brown, clear, and transparent, with a characteristic weak-strong odor, forming an O/W nanoemulsion. Increasing the concentration of the extract significantly increased the viscosity and decreased the pH and percent transmittance. This study concluded that variations in extract concentration affected the percent transmittance, organoleptic, pH, viscosity, and the optimal ratio of nanoemulsion components was 1% pine oil, 9% Smix, and 90% water