Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
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Solubility and Scale-Up Potency of Norfloxacin-Urea Co-Crystal Prepared by Ultrasound-Assisted Slurry Co-Crystallization Method
No full textNorfloxacin is an antimicrobial in treating urinary tract infections with low water solubility. This study aims to know the effect of norfloxacin-urea co-crystal formation on the solubility of norfloxacin and the potential for scale-up when prepared by ultrasound-assisted slurry co-crystallization method. Identification of the screening result of the norfloxacin-urea (1 : 1) co-crystal formation by a wet grinding method using an ethanol-acetone (1 : 1) solvent mixture was performed by powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD). The ultrasound-assisted slurry co-crystallization method was used for co-crystal formation with five-fold the weight of norfloxacin and urea than the wet grinding method. The co-crystal product prepared by the ultrasound-assisted slurry co-crystallization method was observed for its crystal morphology and characterized by PXRD and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Solubility and dissolution tests in water and acetate buffer solution pH 4.0 were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties. Identification of co-crystal screening by PXRD revealed the formation of norfloxacin-urea co-crystal. The PXRD pattern of the norfloxacin-urea co-crystal product prepared by the ultrasound-assisted slurry co-crystallization method was similar to the wet grinding method. Norfloxacin-urea co-crystal has a different melting point and crystal morphology from pure norfloxacin and urea. The solubility and dissolution rate of norfloxacin-urea co-crystal was higher in water and not significantly different in acetate buffer solution pH 4.0 compared to pure norfloxacin. This study showed that the norfloxacin-urea co-crystal formation could enhance the solubility of norfloxacin in water and had the potential for scale-up when prepared using the ultrasound-assisted slurry co-crystallization method
Qualitative Evaluation on the Use of Pneumonia Antibiotics for Covid-19 Patients at X Hospital Bali in 2020
No full textCoronavirus disease-19 (Covid-19) is a pandemic that has caused various complications, including pneumonia. One of the therapies used in Covid-19 with pneumonia complications is antibiotics. Antibiotics must be used appropriately to prevent antibiotic resistance. A method to reduce the number of antibiotic resistances is evaluating the use of antibiotics qualitatively using the Gyssens method. Therefore, this study aims to describe the profile and rationality of using pneumonia antibiotics for adult Covid-19 patients at X Hospital from January to December 2020. The data was collected retrospectively on adult patients using the patient's medical record data, and the sample was determined using the purposive sampling technique. There were 117 samples of medical record data processed in this study. This study concluded that the use of antibiotics for patients with Covid-19 disease consisted of single antibiotic usage, i.e., azithromycin in 82 cases (70.09%), and levofloxacin in 30 cases (25.64%), and switched antibiotics usage, i.e., azithromycin to levofloxacin in 5 cases (4.27%). The rationality of using antibiotics using the Gyssens methods was 90.60% with rational or appropriate antibiotics use (category 0). Moreover, there was 9.40% irrational drug use (category I-VI), comprising antibiotics for a longer time than it should be, in 11 cases
Quality of Life in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis and Its Affecting Factors in a Hemodialysis Unit of General Hospital Denpasar
No full textEnd-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) repeatedly can affect their quality of life (QOL). Its QOL value can vary according to the patient's characteristics amid health conditions that may make it difficult for them. This study aimed to analyze the QOL of ESRD patients undergoing HD and its affecting factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a Hemodialysis Outpatient Unit of General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, from April to May 2021. A sample of 103 respondents was obtained by using the purposive sampling technique. Inclusion criteria were ESRD patients undergoing HD aged ≥8 years old, completing questionnaires thoroughly, and communicating well. Data was collected through the KDQOL-36 questionnaire to measure the QOL and medical records for completeness of patient identities. Data were analyzed using Spearman's ρ, η, Mann-Whitney, and an Independent sample t-test (CI 95%). Findings showed the majority of respondents were aged <60 years (75.7%), had secondary education (41.7%), were working (50.5%), were diagnosed with ESRD, and undergoing HD <3 Years (81.6%), the duration of each HD >4 hours (85.4%), three times a week (91.3%), having a BMI >29 kg/m2 (89.3%), and hypertension (42.7%). The respondents experienced major problems in their QOL on the burden of ESRD (33.50±24.64), physical (39.57±8.94), and mental component summary (52.62±10.39) dimensions. Respondent's characteristics, including education level, duration of each HD, and diagnosis with ESRD undergoing HD, contributed to their QOL (p <0.05). The patient's QOL needs to be improved through the family and health worker's support
Morphological and Micromorphological Investigations of Bidens frondosa L. from Flora of Krasnodar Region, Russia
No full textComplex morphological and micromorphological studies have been made about bootjack bur (Bidens frondosa) growing on the territory of the Krasnodar region. The lamina is of dorsoventral type. The conduction system has fasciations, three closed collateral bundles, are present near the vein. The leaf is of amphistomatic type, stomatic apparats are present in a small amount. Anticlinical walls of the main cells of the epidermis are strongly flexuose. The lower epidermis if compared to the upper one has a large number of stomatic apparatus of anisocytic type. The trichomes are leggy, represented by multicellular hairs of different shapes and lengths. Micromorphological capabilities of bootjack bur’s transverse section of the caulis and leafstalk have been studied. Received micromorphological data is a fragment of complex pharmacognostic studies of the Bidens kind. For acquiring the anti-allergic medication in the future, it is necessary to make pharma-technological studies and come up with the necessary medical form in the shape of thick extract and also make pharmacological studies in acquiring this medical form
The Effect of Long Exposure Reed Diffuser Essential Oil Plumeria alba on Cortisol Levels of Male Wistar Rats
No full textStress can occur due to a person's inability to respond to a stressor, resulting in bodily or mental disorders. Anxiety can be characterized by increased levels of cortisol, which is regulated by the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenaline (HPA-axis). Aromatherapy is a therapy using essential oils that give a distinctive aroma to plant parts such as flowers, roots, leaves, and stems. Aromatherapy can be done through a reed diffuser. The frangipani (Plumeria alba) is one of the plants in Indonesia that has a particular scent in its flowers. This study aims to determine the effect of prolonged exposure to P. alba essential oil reed diffuser on cortisol levels in rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: the control group without exposure to a reed diffuser for 5 and 10 days and the other group with exposure for 5 and 10 days. Each blood was drawn through the retro-orbital, centrifuged to obtain serum, and tested using LC-MS to determine cortisol levels. The group with ten days of essential oil exposure showed lower cortisol levels. It can be concluded that the duration of aromatherapy exposure is connected to cortisol levels and that aromatherapy can be utilized as a stress-reduction therapy
Clinical Trials: The Role of Regulatory Agencies, Pharmacovigilance Laws, Guidelines, Risk Management, Patenting, and Publicizing Results
No full textThe research carried out to find a better treatment, improve healthcare, and benefit the current medical practice is termed clinical research. Clinical trial includes the pharmacodynamics (mechanisms of action of a new drug), pharmacokinetics (drug metabolism inside the body), therapeutics (efficacy of the drug), and adverse effects (safety of the drug) of the novel medical products. Clinical research is a process that involves human subjects and their biological specimens. The clinical trial is a meticulously planned protocol-based study of a drug/device to discover a new/better way to prevent, diagnose, and treat a disease/illness. Considering the involvement of both healthy and diseased people in clinical trials, the regulatory authorities have a significant role in the processes involving the conduction of clinical research and carefully evaluate their potential implications on humans. Because clinical trials are usually aimed at assessing the safety and efficacy of novel pharmaceutical compounds and medical devices, pharmacovigilance laws and risk management assume increased significance while conducting clinical research/trials. In this review, we attempt to discuss the regulatory authorities' roles in different geographical regions, including the United States of America, The European Union, and India. We also focus on the importance of pharmacovigilance laws and risk management during clinical trials
Utilization, Phytochemistry and Biological Activity of Hua gabonii Pierre ex De Wild.
No full textAlthough few studies are reported, Hua gabonii remains scientifically unknown due to the lack of studies. However, this aromatic plant is used in developing countries as a condiment or in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. The literature reported that this species is rich in proteins, essential amino acids, and vitamins C and E. Its fruits would present an appreciable antioxidant power. Therefore, given its numerous uses in tropical countries, H. gabonii is a good candidate for further studies
Association between Drug-Related Problems and Blood Pressure of Hypertensive Patients Admitted to Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital
No full textPatients with hypertension usually experience chronic comorbidities and complications that require complex treatment (polypharmacy), which can further cause drug-related problems (DRPs) and interfere with the required clinical outcomes. This study, by using a case-control prospective cross-sectional, aimed to analyze the association between DRPs and blood pressures (BPs) of hypertensive patients admitted to Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) hospital from July to September 2021. The incidence of DRPs was analyzed and classified according to the Cipolle classification system and reliable literature. Blood pressures of the patients were classified into controlled and uncontrolled BPs. The association between DRPs and BP was analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Most of the patients (57.5%) were female. Their mean age was 59±9.94 (years). The mean incidence of DRPs experienced by the patients was 1.78±0.79. The most frequently occurred DRPs were drug interactions. There was a significant association between the number of DRPs experienced by the patients and their BPs (p=0.02). DRPs are the contributing factor to the uncontrolled BPs of hypertensive patients
Molecular Docking Investigation, Pharmacokinetic Analysis, and Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Some Benzoxaborole-Benzimidazole Hybrids: An Approach to Identifying Superior Onchocerca Inhibitors
No full textOnchocerciasis is one of the major neglected tropical diseases caused by the filarial worm (Onchocerca volvulus), affecting an estimated population of about 37 million people living predominantly in tropical Africa. The major treatment approach has been based on the use of Ivermectin, which kills the microfilariae or the less effective Doxycycline targeting Wolbachia, endosymbiont of filarial nematodes. Flubendazole (FBZ) has proved effective in treating adult worms but with threatening adverse effects. Against this backdrop, therefore, a combined molecular docking study and pharmacokinetic screening were conducted on a series of benzimidazole-benzoxaborole hybrids to find more potent analogs with attributes that address the limitations of existing therapies. All the nineteen analogs were found to possess better docking scores than the reference drug (FBZ, Moldock scores = -120.466 and -125.359). The results of pharmacokinetic testing suggest that four molecules (14, 16, 19, and 20) are orally bioavailable and showed better ADMET properties than FBZ. These molecules and FBZ showed good binding interactions with the receptors’ active sites. Also, the molecular dynamic simulation performed on the docked complexes of 20 and FBZ confirmed the rigidity and stability of their interactions. Based on the results of this study, the selected molecules (especially 20) could be considered superior drug candidates for the treatment of Onchocerciasis
Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Musa balbisiana Peels In Vivo
No full textMusa balbisiana Peels (MBP) contains high levels of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. Flavonoids function to slow down the inflammatory process by inhibiting the arachidonic acid, forming prostaglandins, and releasing histamine. This study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of MBP decoction. This study used the Winter method for anti-inflammatory assay by induction of carrageenan on the soles of rat's feet and Sigmund's method for analgesic assay with intraperitoneal induction of acetic acid in mice. Group I as a negative control, group II as a positive control with diclofenac sodium, group III as a low dose (200 mg/kg BW of MBP), group IV as a medium dose (400 mg/kg BW of MBP), and group V as a high dose (800 mg/kg BW of MBP decoction). The percentage of inhibition in the anti-inflammatory test in rats for groups II, III, IV, and V was 34.43%, 17.68%, 25.53%, and 25.4%, and the percentage of effectiveness for the anti-inflammatory test, respectively, was 51.35%, 74.15%, and 74.01%. The results of the percentage inhibition of the analgesic test in mice for groups II, III, IV, and V were 55.25%, 38.52%, 44.53%, and 49.31%, and the percentage of effectiveness for the analgesic test, respectively, followed by 69.71%, 80.59%, and 89.24%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the decoction of the MBP has an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect