Oskar Bordeaux
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Tensões e atitudes em relação ao ensino do guarani nas escolas paraguaias
No full textLe carnet de la Maison des Sciences de l'homme de Bordeaux. Résumé de la communication donnée lors des journées d’études 21-22 janvier 2025 “Reconnaissance, recherche et enseignement de langues minorisées“ organisées dans le cadre du projet RECLAMUne caractéristique linguistique du Paraguay est la coexistence de deux langues, le castillan et le guarani, et leur contact constant. Cela fait que nous pouvons distinguer une variété complexe d’utilisations, qui peut différer selon le contexte dans lequel se trouvent les locuteurs.Pour mieux comprendre, nous devons partir des faits historiques. Le pays a traversé une longue dictature qui a signifié des répressions, des interdictions et des oppressions, qui ont produit une censure et des difficultés en termes d’expression spontanée et de prise de décision. La démocratie a été mise en œuvre, après la chute de ce gouvernement, ce qui a entraîné des changements dans la législation, de nouvelles structurations et des réformes au fil du temps. Cette transition s’est traduite aussi par l’officialisation de la langue guarani et son enseignement obligatoire dans les écoles.À partir de là, des modalités d’enseignement différentes ont été mises en place, ce qui a modifié à son tour la transmission des connaissances dans les écoles.Concernant les attitudes par rapport à ces deux langues, l’espagnol a une position privilégiée, cependant le guarani a une position plutôt marginalisée et ségréguée. L’espagnol a une normalisation, c’est-à-dire qu’il y a des normes et des règles pour pouvoir parler et écrire. Dans le cas du guarani, certaines règles ont été prises en compte dans le processus d’alphabétisation, mais dans la pratique il devient complexe, car il s’agit d’une langue de tradition orale. Ce dernier génère à son tour une tendance à préférer l’apprentissage de l’espagnol dans les établissements escolaires et moins du guarani.Uma característica linguística do Paraguai é a coexistência de duas línguas, o castelhano e o guarani, e o contato constante entre elas. Isso resulta em uma variedade complexa de usos, que pode variar dependendo do contexto em que os falantes se encontram.Para compreender melhor, é necessário considerar os fatos históricos. O país atravessou uma longa ditadura que trouxe repressões, proibições e opressões, resultando em censura e dificuldades de expressão espontânea e tomada de decisão. Após a queda desse governo, a transição para a democracia levou a mudanças legislativas e reformulações ao longo do tempo. Uma dessas mudanças foi a oficialização da língua guarani e sua obrigatoriedade no ensino escolar.A partir disso, diferentes modalidades de ensino foram implementadas, modificando a transmissão de conhecimentos nas escolas.Quanto às atitudes em relação a essas duas línguas, o espanhol ocupa uma posição privilegiada, enquanto o guarani é marginalizado e segregado. O espanhol possui uma normatização clara, com regras e padrões para fala e escrita. No caso do guarani, algumas regras foram estabelecidas no processo de alfabetização, mas, na prática, a situação é complexa, pois se trata de uma língua de tradição oral. Isso gera uma preferência pelo aprendizado do espanhol nas instituições de ensino em detrimento do guarani
Biology-Informed inverse problems for insect pests detection using pheromone sensors
No full textMost insects have the ability to modify the odor landscape in order to communicate with their conspecies during key phases of their life cycle such as reproduction. They release pheromones in their nearby environment, volatile compounds that are detected by insects of the same species with exceptional specificity and sensitivity. Efficient pheromone detection is then an interesting lever for insect pest management in a precision agroecological culture context. A precise and early detection of pests using pheromone sensors offers a strategy for pest management before infestation. In this paper, we develop a biology-informed inverse problem framework that leverages temporal signals from a pheromone sensor network to build insect presence maps. Prior biological knowledge is introduced in the inverse problem by the mean of a specific penalty, using population dynamics PDE residuals. We benchmark the biological-informed penalty with other regularization terms such as Tikhonov, LASSO or composite penalties in a simplified toy model. We use classical comparison criteria, such as target reconstruction error, or Jaccard distance on pest presence-absence. But we also use more task-specific criteria such as the number of informative sensors during inference. Finally, the inverse problem is solved in a realistic context of pest infestation in an agricultural landscape by the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda).Early detection of pest insects using pheromone receptor-based olfactory sensor
J Clin Oncol
No full textPURPOSE: Establishing an accurate prognosis remains challenging in older patients with cancer because of the population's heterogeneity and the current predictive models' reduced ability to capture the complex interactions between oncologic and geriatric predictors. We aim to develop and externally validate a new predictive score (the Geriatric Cancer Scoring System [GCSS]) to refine individualized prognosis for older patients with cancer during the first year after a geriatric assessment (GA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from two French prospective multicenter cohorts of patients with cancer 70 years and older, referred for GA: ELCAPA (training set January 2007-March 2016) and ONCODAGE (validation set August 2008-March 2010). Candidate predictors included baseline oncologic and geriatric factors and routine biomarkers. We built predictive models using Cox regression, single decision tree (DT), and random survival forest (RSF) methods, comparing their predictive performance for 3-, 6-, and 12-month mortalities by computing time-dependent area under the receiver operator curve (tAUC). RESULTS: A total of 2,012 and 1,397 patients were included in the training and validation set, respectively (mean age: 81 ± 6 years/78 ± 5 years; women: 47%/70%; metastatic cancer: 50%/34%; 12-month mortality: 43%/16%). Tumor site/metastatic status, cancer treatment, weight loss, ≥five prescription drugs, impaired functional status and mobility, abnormal G-8 score, low creatinine clearance, and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin were identified as relevant predictors in the Cox model. DT and RSF identified more complex combinations of features, with G-8 score, tumor site/metastatic status, and CRP/albumin ratio contributing most to the predictions. The RSF approach gave the highest tAUC (12 months: 0.87 [RSF], 0.82 [Cox], 0.82 [DT]) and was retained as the final model. CONCLUSION: The GCSS on the basis of a machine learning approach applied to two large French cohorts gave an accurate externally validated mortality prediction. The GCSS might improve decision making and counseling in older patients with cancer referred for pretherapeutic GA. GCSS's generalizability must now be confirmed in an international setting
J Infect
No full textThe increase in the population of immunocompromised patients due to advances in management of end-stage diseases and transplants poses challenges in treating infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. Cefiderocol (FDC), a siderophore cephalosporin, has shown efficacy against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This retrospective multicentre study investigated the real-world use of FDC in 114 immunocompromised adults treated for MDR infections in 12 French hospitals (June 2020-November 2023). Clinical and microbiological outcomes, including infection cure, relapse, as well as mortality, and resistance acquisition, were assessed at days 28 and 90. Antibiotic prescription compliance with current guidelines was investigated. At day 28, clinical success was achieved in 53.3% of cases, and overall mortality was 37.7%, consistent with other studies (33-37%). Infection-related mortality accounted for 25.4%. Relapse occurred in 17.5% of patients by day 28, rising by an additional 9.8% among survivors by day 90. Resistance acquisition was observed in two cases at day 28 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) and in three additional cases by day 90. FDC was used as monotherapy in 49.1% of cases, with a median treatment duration of 10 days. Nearly 25% of strains collected in FDC-treated patients were susceptible to best-practice alternatives. These findings highlight FDC's utility in difficult-to-treat infections, particularly S. maltophilia, but the high relapse rate and resistance acquisition underscore the need for careful monitoring, adherence to guidelines, and reconsideration of empirical use to prevent resistance and improve outcomes in fragile populations
Faisons de la géographie hors les murs et sur les écrans avec OpenStreetMap (OSM), dans nos écoles, collèges, lycées, universités. Dans le cadre du Label SAPS_UBM
No full textDans le cadre du label SAPS (Science Avec et Pour la Société) obtenu par l'Université Bordeaux Montaigne et dans le cadre d'un partenariat avec les Archives de Bordeaux Métropole, cette intervention à destination des professeur·es d'Histoire-Géographie de l'Académie de Bordeaux a porté d'une part l'histoire du projet OpenStreetMap et d'autre part sur les ressorts pédagogiques de la mise en place de carto-parties où des élèves (primaire, collège, lycée) accompagné·es par des enseignant·es et des contributrices/contributeurs à OSM à faire de la Géographie autrement, à participer à la mise à jour de la base de données OMS, ce en s'appuyant sur les expérimentations MapCampus qui depuis 2016 ont été déployées sur le campus de l'Université Bordeaux Montaigne (coord. Marina Duféal) et dans des établissements scolaires de Bordeaux Métropole (Vincent Bergeot, Marina Duféal et le groupe EducOSM)
medRxiv
Get PDFIMPORTANCE: "SuperAgers" are oldest-old adults (ages 80+) whose memory performance resembles that of adults in their 50s to mid-60s. Factors underlying their exemplary memory are underexplored in large, racially diverse cohorts. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of APOE genotypes in non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White SuperAgers compared to middle-aged (ages 50-64), old (ages 65-79), and oldest-old (ages 80+) controls and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia cases. DESIGN: This multicohort study selected data from eight longitudinal cohort studies of normal aging and AD. SETTING: Variable recruitment criteria and follow-up intervals, including both population-based and clinical-based samples. PARTICIPANTS: Inclusion in our analyses required APOE genotype, that participants be age 50+, and are identified as either non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic White. In total, 18,080 participants were included in the present study with a total of 78,549 datapoints. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Harmonized, longitudinal memory, executive function, and language scores were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project Phenotype Harmonization Consortium (ADSP-PHC). SuperAgers, controls, and AD dementia cases were identified by cognitive scores using a residual approach and clinical diagnoses across multiple timepoints when available. SuperAgers were compared to AD dementia cases and cognitively normal controls using age-defined bins (middle-aged, old, oldest-old). RESULTS: Across racialized groups, SuperAgers had significantly higher proportions of APOE-ε2 alleles and lower proportions of APOE-ε4 alleles compared to cases. Similar differences were observed between SuperAgers and middle-aged and old controls. Non-Hispanic White SuperAgers had significantly lower proportions of APOE-ε4 alleles and significantly higher proportions of APOE-ε2 alleles compared to all cases and controls, including oldest-old controls. In contrast, non-Hispanic Black SuperAgers had significantly lower proportions of APOE-ε4 alleles compared to cases and younger controls, and significantly higher proportions of APOE-ε2 alleles compared only to cases. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In the largest study to date, we demonstrated strong evidence that the frequency of APOE-ε4 and -ε2 alleles differ between non-Hispanic White SuperAgers and AD dementia cases and cognitively normal controls. Differences in the role of APOE in SuperAging by race underlines distinctions in mechanisms conferring resilience across race groups given likely differences in genetic ancestry
Obstacles to the prevention of the risks related to surfing in general medicine
No full textLa Nouvelle-Aquitaine présente plus de 700 km de côtes et une population de surfeurs grandissante. Le surf expose ses pratiquants à un grand nombre de traumatismes aigus et de pathologies chroniques. Malgré cette popularité croissante et des risques de mieux en mieux connus, on déplore un manque de données françaises sur les pathologies que peut induire le surf et sur le rôle du généraliste dans leur prévention. L'objectif principal de cette étude était de décrire les freins en médecine générale à la prévention des risques liés au surf. Un échantillon de surfeurs surfant principalement en Nouvelle-Aquitaine a participé à une enquête transversale rétrospective en ligne entre aout et octobre 2021. Les données démographiques, les pathologies liées au surf, les pratiques préventives et les caractéristiques du recours au généraliste ont été collectées et analysées. L'enquête a recueilli 469 répondants aux caractéristiques démographiques comparables à celle de la population des surfeurs licenciés avec 64,8% d’hommes. L’expérience moyenne était de 11 années de surf ; un total de 214 surfeurs (45,6%) ont rapporté 622 pathologies liées à leur sport. Les plaies et les rachialgies étaient les blessures les plus fréquentes. Le surfeur aquitain est exposé à des pathologies similaires à celles décrites dans la littérature internationale. Le médecin généraliste, premier professionnel consulté en cas de blessure devant les ostéopathes, ignore pourtant, dans 29% des cas, l’activité surf de son patient. Si 70% des surfeurs considèrent leur sport comme dangereux, la même proportion pense qu’un contrôle médical régulier chez le généraliste est inutile. Les principaux freins à la prévention des risques liés au surf sont le manque d’étude sur l’efficacité des moyens de prévention, l’anamnèse incomplète des généralistes, l’acceptation du risque et l’absence d’intérêt pour la prévention de la part des surfeurs.Nouvelle-Aquitaine has more than 700 km of coastline and a growing population of surfers. Surfing exposes its practitioners to a large number of acute injuries and chronic conditions. Despite this growing popularity and increasingly well-known risks, we deplore a lack of French data on the pathologies that surfing can induce and on the role of the general practitioner in their prevention. The main objective of this study was to describe the obstacles in general medicine to the prevention of the risks related to surfing. A sample of surfers surfing mainly in Nouvelle-Aquitaine took part in a retrospective cross-sectional online survey between August and October 2021. Demographic data, surfing-related pathologies, preventive practices and characteristics of GP use were collected and analyzed. The survey collected 469 respondents with demographic characteristics comparable to that of the population of licensed surfers 64.8% among them being men. The average experience was 11 years of surfing; a total of 214 surfers (45.6%) reported 622 pathologies related to their sport. Wounds and spinal pain were the most frequent injuries. Aquitaine surfers are exposed to pathologies similar to those described in international literature. The general practitioner, the first health professional consulted in case of injury before osteopaths, is however unaware, in 29% of cases, of the surfing activity of his patient. If 70% of surfers consider their sport as dangerous, the same proportion think that regular medical check with the general practitioner is useless. The main obstacles to the prevention of surfing-related risks are the lack of studies on the effectiveness of the means of prevention, the incomplete medical history, the acceptance of the risk and the lack of interest in prevention from surfers
Mayotte : comprendre le piège identitaire et la montée en puissance du Rassemblement national
No full textLe cyclone Chido a révélé l’extrême vulnérabilité de Mayotte, frappée par de multiples crises sanitaires et sociales ces dernières années. Les tensions accumulées sont redoublées par la défiance de nombreux Mahorais envers les immigrés venus des Comores et du continent africain. Une situation qui n’est pas sans lien avec l’explosion du vote Rassemblement national, passé de 2 % des suffrages en 2012 à 42 % en 2022. Marine Le Pen se rend sur l’île ce dimanche 5 janvier
De l’idée de Nature(s) à l'idée d'humanités environnementales
No full textLa notion ou le concept de « Nature » et son histoire critique, nous semble référer préalablement à la sphère des représentations cognitives et sociales, certes singulières, avant de constituer, tout ou partie, une réalité dont les contours seraient circonscrits précisément. Plus encore, nous pourrions établir, après d’autres, qu’il n’existe finalement que des accès épistémiques culturels à la nature lesquels modifient nécessairement cette idée, comme le souligne à sa manière, le concept « d’humanités environnementales ».Le concept de « Nature » est extraordinairement retors, à la fois labile et insaisissable dans la mesure où il nous apparaît à la fois comme un spectre, i.e. comme une ombre évanescente, d’un point de vue ontologique, et dans un spectre interprétatif possible du terme, une sémantique complexe et saturée, comme un « opérateur conceptuel » foncièrement problématique. Nonobstant, le concept de « nature » et ses multiples usages en viennent à désigner ce qui est notre immédiat irrécusable tel qu’il n’y aurait pas lieu de remonter au-delà. Afin de clarifier le sens qu’endossent certaines notions qui peuvent s’y rattacher, comme celles apparemment de « biosphère », d’ « environnement », d’ « écologie », etc., notre propos vise à rendre compte des présupposés et des enjeux de la topographie du terme de « Nature », de la galaxie catégoriale et lexicale de possibles synonymes, lesquels ne renvoient pas donc directement à un objet réel, mais nous apparaissent dans l’hétérogénéité de ses conceptions, de ses usages, de ses références, ontologiques et sémantiques, comme ce qui peut désigner une idée, voire plus précisément, une sorte de métaconcept. Mais lequel ? Et de quel ordre ? Que révèlent donc sa mise en demeure contemporaine, sa possible problématique « obsolescence programmée », selon Philippe Descola? En effet, l’absence de la notion ou du concept ne signifie, ni la prétendue absence d’une représentation peu ou prou équivalente dans d’autres cultures que la nôtre, ni n'invalide le caractère d'efficience des investigations conceptuelles et expérimentales des "champs de réalités" du réalisme et du rationalisme scientifique, à propos de l'idée de Nature(s), comme le souligne Patrick Dupouey dans son examen critique et philosophique des apories et des paradoxes de l'anthropologie descolienne de la nature
Urban tree diversity fosters bird insectivory despite a loss in bird diversity with urbanization
No full textUrbanization is one of the main drivers of biotic homogenization in bird communities worldwide. Yet, only a few studies have addressed its functional consequences on the top-down control birds exert on insect herbivores. We hypothesized that their inconsistent results reflect the overlooked heterogeneity of the urban habitat for birds, and in particular the distribution and diversity of urban trees. We monitored tree diversity, bird diversity, avian predation attempts on artificial prey, and the effect of bird exclusion on insect herbivory in 97 trees distributed among 24 urban experimental plots in the city of Montreal, Canada. We characterized urbanization levels through a combination of variables related to tree density, impervious surfaces, anthropic noise, and human population density. Bird diversity decreased with increasing urbanization, whereas the frequency of generalist synurbic species increased. We found no significant relationship between predation and urbanization or between predation and bird diversity. However, tree diversity was positively correlated with predation attempts on artificial prey, irrespective of bird diversity. We revealed a mismatch between the effects of urbanization on bird diversity and on the regulation service and unraveled the functional importance of tree diversity in shaping the avian predation function in urban ecosystems. Our study advocates for the consideration of intra-urban heterogeneity in the investigation of trophic cascades within cities