Oskar Bordeaux
Not a member yet
151482 research outputs found
Sort by
Le patient face aux vaccins, de leur création à nos jours
No full textDepuis ses débuts avec Jenner et Pasteur, la vaccination a révolutionné la prévention des maladies infectieuses, sauvant des millions de vies et redéfinissant les pratiques de santé publique. Pourtant, elle n’a cessé de susciter débats et controverses. Cette thèse explore les multiples dimensions de la vaccination, depuis ses fondements scientifiques jusqu’à ses enjeux sociétaux, réglementaires et éthiques.
Dans un premier temps, elle analyse les principes immunologiques qui sous-tendent la vaccination. Le système immunitaire, composé de ses branches innée et adaptative, est au coeur de la stratégie vaccinale. Les vaccins stimulent la mémoire immunologique par l’introduction d’antigènes, induisant une protection durable contre des agents pathogènes spécifiques. Deux grandes catégories de vaccins sont étudiées : les vaccins vivants atténués, qui offrent une réponse immunitaire robuste, et les vaccins inactivés, dont la sécurité est renforcée mais nécessitant des adjuvants pour accroître leur immunogénicité. La thèse aborde également les innovations récentes, telles que les vaccins thérapeutiques et les nouvelles voies d’administration.
La deuxième partie examine les cadres réglementaires qui garantissent la sécurité, l’efficacité et l’accessibilité des vaccins. De la phase préclinique aux essais cliniques, chaque étape est rigoureusement encadrée avant la mise sur le marché, soumise aux normes européennes et internationales. En parallèle, l’importance de la pharmacovigilance et l’évolution des politiques publiques, notamment en France avec l’introduction des 11 vaccins obligatoires, sont mises en lumière. Le cas du vaccin contre la COVID-19 illustre une accélération inédite des processus réglementaires, tout en mettant en exergue les défis éthiques et logistiques liés à une pandémie mondiale.
Enfin, cette thèse plonge dans les controverses qui entourent la vaccination depuis ses origines. Les oppositions initiales, fondées sur des croyances économiques, politiques et idéologiques, ont évolué vers des débats modernes centrés sur les adjuvants, les effets secondaires supposés et la défiance envers les institutions scientifiques et l’industrie pharmaceutique. L’étude met en évidence le rôle des biais cognitifs et des dynamiques socioculturelles dans la perception publique des vaccins, amplifiées par la médiatisation et les réseaux sociaux.
Au-delà des polémiques, cette thèse démontre que la vaccination demeure un outil indispensable en santé publique, à la fois pour éradiquer des maladies mortelles et pour répondre aux défis sanitaires du XXIe siècle. Elle appelle à un renforcement de la communication scientifique et de la formation en vaccinologie pour restaurer la confiance du public et promouvoir une couverture vaccinale optimale
3D Data Practices and Preservation for Humanities: A Decade of the Consortium “3D for Digital Humanities”
No full textFor more than a decade (2014–2025), the Consortium “3D for Digital Humanities” has been advancing the use of 3D technologies in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) while structuring and supporting the research community. It now brings together more than 30 teams, primarily from academic research, but also increasingly from the cultural sector. Under its coordination, significant achievements have been realized, including best-practice guides, an infrastructure for the publication of 3D data, and dedicated software for documentation, dissemination, and archiving, as well as a metadata schema, all fully aligned with FAIR principles. The Consortium has developed national training programs, particularly on metadata and ethical practices, and contributed to important initiatives such as the reconstruction of Notre-Dame de Paris, while actively engaging in European projects. It has also fostered international collaborations to broaden perspectives, share methodologies, and amplify impacts. Looking ahead (2025–2033), the Consortium aims to address the environmental impact of 3D data production and storage by proposing best practices for digital sustainability and efficiency. It is also expanding the National 3D Data Repository, enhancing interoperability, and adopting emerging standards to meet evolving scientific needs. Building on its past achievements, the Consortium intends to further advance 3D research and its applications across disciplines, positioning 3D data as a key component of future scientific data clouds
Observing Interaction Rather Than Interfaces
No full textLa science de l’Interaction Humain-Machine (IHM) revêt beaucoup
de résultats empiriques isolés, souvent liés à des technologies,
des conceptions et des tâches spécifiques. Cette situation tient
certainement de l’observation du mauvais objet d’étude, soit – en
d’autres termes – d’observer les interfaces plutôt que l’interaction.
Le présent article propose une méthodologie expérimentale,
s’inscrivant dans une méthodologie de recherche, permettant
de répondre à l’ambition d’observer l’interaction (plutôt que les
interfaces). Les observations sont conduites lors du traitement de
cas applicatifs, permettant de générer et répliquer des résultats en
couvrant des conditions expérimentales variées, issues des besoins
des personnes utilisatrices finales et de l’évolution des technologies.
Conduire ces observations lors du développement de prototypes
applicatifs illustrant l’utilité des nouvelles technologies permet,
dans le même temps, d’en tirer le bénéfice par une optimisation
de ces prototypes pour un meilleur accomplissement des tâches
des personnes utilisatrices finales. Cet article dépeint une direction
de recherche à long terme, allant de la génération d’observations
initiales de propriétés interactionnelles et à leur réplication, à
leur intégration, puis qui conduirait à l’exploration des possibles
relations qui existeraient entre ces propriétés pour aller vers la
description d’une physique des interactions humain-machine.The science of Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) is populated
by isolated empirical findings, often tied to specific technologies,
designs, and tasks. This situation probably lies in observing the
wrong object of study, that is to say, observing interfaces rather than
interaction. This paper proposes an experimental methodology,
powered by a research methodology, that enables tackling the
ambition of observing interaction (rather than interfaces). These
observations are done during the treatment of applicative cases,
allowing to generate and replicate results covering various
experimental conditions, expressed from the need of end users and
the evolution of technologies. Performing these observations when
developing applicative prototypes illustrating novel technologies’
utility allows, in the same time, to benefit from an optimization of
these prototypes to better accomplish end users tasks. This paper
depicts a long term research direction, from generating the initial
observations of interaction properties and their replication, to their
integration, that would then lead to exploring the possible relations
existing between those properties, to end toward the description of
human–computer interaction’s physics
Advanced Love wave sensor based on algal polymers for the detection of mercury in French Guiana waters
Get PDFThe findings presented in this paper demonstrate the effectiveness of a new method for analyzing the electroacoustic response of Love wave acoustic sensors to assess the mechanical and dielectric properties of liquid samples. The Love wave sensor was modified by applying a solution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) using a self-assembled monolayer technique. The mechanical parameters of the EPS-modified sensors, such as insertion losses and phase, were found to be slightly affected by turbidity, even at high levels, while allowing a chemical detection by mass loading effect. On the other hand, the sensor electrical parameters such as capacitance and resistance showed a positive correlation with increasing turbidity. The experimental chemical detection also showed changes in the mechanical parameters (wave amplitude and phase) of the EPS-modified sensor in response to different concentrations of mercury (Hg2+), ranging from 10E−10 M to 10E−2 M. Furthermore, the study utilized response surface methodology to analyze the nonlinear behavior of the sensor under combined factors of turbidity and mercury concentration. Through this approach, a mathematical model was developed to simulate measurements of capacitance and resistance, considering both turbidity and mercury concentration as variables. This study demonstrated that integrating an EPS-Love wave sensor enables the simultaneous detection of mercury concentration and assessment of water turbidity via changes in capacitance and resistance, underscoring the sensor’s promise for high-performance environmental monitoring
Defining a Role-Centered Terminology for Physical Representations and Controls
Get PDFPrevious classifications advanced research through a better
understanding of the field and the variety of tangible user interfaces
and related physical user interfaces, especially by discretizing a
degree of tangibility based on the specimens produced by the
community over the years, since the conceptualization of Tangible
User Interface initiated a research effort to deepen the exploration
of the concept. However, no taxonomy enables the classification
of tangible user interfaces at the application level. This article
proposes to refine the description of tangible user interfaces’
interactional components through a terminological approach. The
resulting terms are blended words, built from known words, that
self-contain what digital role is represented or controlled and how
it becomes physical. This holistic terminology then enables the
definition of applications’ hallmarks and four classes of tangibility
for applications, which surpass the description of physical user
interface specimens’ morphology by abstracting and discriminating
specimens at the applicative level. The descriptiveness and
holisticness of the new terminology, as well as the clustering
and discriminative power of the limited number of four classes,
are showed on a corpus of applicative tangible user interfaces’
specimens from the literature. Promising future work will benefit
from the holistic terminology, the applications’ hallmarks, and the
tangibility classes, to describe applicative tangible user interfaces
and related physical user interfaces to better understand the dozens
of specimens that were produced by the field over three decades.
Indeed, describing and classifying this whole set would deepen our
understanding to provide tools for future developers and designers
De novo assembled nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genomes show high intraspecific variation in the tropical rainforest species Symphonia globulifera
No full textSymphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae) has emerged as a model organism in tropical forest ecology and evolution due to its significant ecological role and complex biogeographical history. Originating from Africa, this species has independently colonized Caribbean, Central, and South America three times, becoming a key component of tropical ecosystems across these regions. Despite the ecological importance of S. globulifera and other tropical tree species, our understanding of their genomic architecture remains limited compared to temperate species. To bridge this gap, we present a comparative analysis of two de novo assembled nuclear genomes of S. globulifera—one from a South American individual and one from an African individual—and report newly assembled chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. Initial assembly of the organelles was performed using GetOrganelle, and the results were compared with corresponding publicly available sequences from closely related Garcinia species. Our study introduces novel genomic resources, including an annotated nuclear draft genome based on Illumina short reads, the first chloroplast genome assembly for the genus, and a set of assembled mitochondrial gene sequences. Additionally, we provide a set of single-copy nuclear gene alignments identified by BUSCO as well as manually curated coding plastid genes, which will serve as valuable tools for future comparative analyses and phylogenetic studies. Our preliminary results based on chloroplast genes and limited sampling suggest that Garcinia might be nonmonophyletic. The detected differences in nuclear and organellar genomes reveal high intraspecific variation, emphasizing the importance of genome-wide sampling for understanding tropical tree evolution.Génétique écologique des arbres forestiers : interactions entre flux de gènes et variabilité environnementale dans la détermination de l'adaptation locale et du potentiel d'adaptatio
Acta Ophthalmol
Get PDFCataract, the leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a multifactorial disease involving oxidative stress mechanisms. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between air pollution exposure and the incidence of cataract surgery. The 3C-Alienor study is a population-based cohort of residents of Bordeaux, France, aged 65 years or more, recruited in 1999-2000 and followed every 2-3 years until 2017. Cataract surgery was self-reported and checked at slit-lamp by trained professionals. Average air pollution exposure (particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM), black carbon (BC), nitrogen dioxide (NO)) in the 10 years preceding baseline was estimated at the participants' geocoded residential address, using temporally adjusted land use regression. Associations of 10-year average air pollution exposure with incidence of cataract were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for confounders. The study included 829 subjects without cataract surgery prior to inclusion; the mean age at inclusion was 72.6 years (standard deviation (SD): 4.2) and 61% were women. The median (Interquartile-range (IQR)) follow-up duration was 14.1 (6.4) years during which 507 participants underwent cataract surgery. Exposure to a concentration ≥40 μg/m of NO (the current regulatory limit value in Europe) was associated with incident cataract surgery (HR = 1.46, CI (1.16, 1.84), p = 0.001). No statistically significant association was found with PM and BC. Long-term exposure to a NO concentration ≥ 40 μg/m was associated with an increased incidence of cataract surgery. Complying with current European air pollution standards could reduce cataract surgery costs and improve population quality of life.
Clin Chim Acta
No full textGlycation is a non-enzymatic, post-translational modification of proteins which is elevated in several pathologies, notably diabetes. An early-stage glycation product, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), is used in the clinical management of diabetes, and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are implicated in the etiology of diabetic complications. Fingernail clippings contain a time-integrated repository of several metabolic processes during the preceding 3-5 months, are easily sampled, and various elements and molecules have been shown to remain stable within them for long periods without refrigeration. Building upon a few underexploited studies, we investigated fingernails as a non-invasive matrix to assess glycation using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to quantify ungual biomarkers of early- and advanced glycation (respectively furosine, as a fructose-lysine derivative, and two AGEs (N(ε)-carboxymethyllysine (CML) and N(ε)-carboxyethyllysine (CEL)). The method was appropriately validated and provided accurate and precise measurements of two amino acids and the glycation biomarkers. Sample storage at ± 25 °C for 12 months had no effect upon these analytes, and the method was applied to fingernails from 87 people with diabetes. There was a moderate, linear correlation between ungual furosine concentrations and HbA1c at the time of nail sampling (r(s) = 0.339, p = 0.0011). Among subjects for whom previous measurements were available, there was no correlation between ungual glycation and HbA1c measured > 3 months before nail sampling, indicating that ungual furosine reflects early-stage glycation over a similar period to HbA1c. This study provides further evidence, using modern analytical techniques, that fingernails offer the possibility to quantitatively and non-invasively assess glycation