Oskar Bordeaux
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Des mammifères qui transgressent les frontières spatiales et symboliques : commentaires croisés sur les vaches corses divagantes et les sangliers bordelais
No full textL’exercice prend place dans le cadre d’une journée d’étude internationale francophone sur les géographies animales. Il consiste à mettre en dialogue deux articles parus dans le numéro spécial de la revue GéoRegards sur les animaux sauvages en ville (N°16, 2023). Dans ce cadre, nous discutons l’article de Garçon et al. (2023) « Remettre les vaches à leur place. Les animaux divagants, à l’ombre d’un marronnier corse », au prisme de notre contribution au numéro : Marin et al. (2023) « Le sanglier urbain, impossible cohabitation ? Les disservices et le désarroi bordelais ». L’article de Garçon et al. porte sur l’évolution à l’état de liberté d’ongulés domestiques, dits divagants. Les auteurs exposent la multitude des acteurs humains, des représentations, des dispositifs réglementaires et sociotechniques de gestion, mais aussi la diversité des situations de divagation animale dans le contexte social et géographique corse. Ces résultats font écho au phénomène sanglier urbain, essentiellement sur quatre points. D’abord, au même titre que la transgression spatiale opérée par le sanglier gibier des espaces agroforestiers qui arrive en ville, la divagation des vaches met à l’épreuve la catégorisation des animaux. Les trajectoires de vie des animaux de rente sont entièrement intégrées dans des dispositifs zoo-sociotechniques. Si le bétail divagant s’en affranchit, il n’est toutefois pas sauvage au sens biologique. Enfin, dans quelle catégorie placer des animaux de production qui ne produisent pas ? Le deuxième point renvoie au brouillage des limites des mondes ruraux et urbains. L’élevage appartient au rural et à la ruralité, mais les vaches divaguent aussi bien à la campagne qu’en ville. Ici, ce n’est pas la ville qui s’étend, l’urbain qui imprègne le rural, mais bien le mouvement inverse dont il est question. Le troisième point de convergence est l’absence de place accordée à des animaux sources de disservices écosystémiques par les sociétés humaines. Le rejet ou la tolérance, tant des vaches divagantes que de l’espèce sanglier, dépendent de la balance entre services et disservices générés par le modèle animal. Le dernier point est celui d’une intensification du conflit entre humains et animaux à mesure de la perception d’une déresponsabilisation de l’éleveur à l’égard de ses bêtes, puis du basculement du conflit vers un conflit entre humains, dans lequel la dérive comportementale dénoncée n’est plus animale, mais humaine. Qu’il s’agisse de vaches ou de sangliers, la violence ne se limite pas au rejet et à la mise à mort d’animaux aux spatialités encombrantes, elle imprègne aussi les rapports entre humains concernés par la coexistence
BMC Public Health
No full textINTRODUCTION: The prevalence of both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity is increasing among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined the perceptions and management of these two conditions among PLHIV and healthcare workers in Côte D'Ivoire. METHOD: From June to August 2022, we conducted semi-structured face-to-face interviews with PLHIV diagnosed with T2DM and/or obesity, as well as healthcare workers, in one of the major HIV clinics in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. We explored topics such as experiences, perceptions and acceptability of the diagnosis and management of T2DM and obesity among PLHIV. Among healthcare workers, professional experience, professional relationships with patients diagnosed with T2DM/obesity, involvement in patient management and care provision were explored. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed manually. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 15 PLHIV and 5 healthcare workers participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews. Perceptions towards T2DM and obesity were largely influenced by cultural factors, PLHIV reported negative perceptions of T2DM and positive perceptions of obesity. Both patients and healthcare providers considered the management of these conditions as sub-optimal. Patient-reported barriers to care for these metabolic disorders were mainly socio-economic and environmental, while healthcare workers emphasized patients' denial of their illness and the limited range of treatment options available at the clinic. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the complexity surrounding the perceptions and management of T2DM and obesity among PLHIV in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. In order to implement innovative and efficient intervention strategies to prevent and treat these metabolic conditions, cultural beliefs as well as socio-economic barriers must be addressed
The regenerative soundscapes of Burck Wood (Bordeaux Métropole): The emergence of an anthropo-biophonic indicator in an urban environment
No full textEn ville, le défi climatique n’est pas dissociable de la question écologique du paysage. À ce titre, l’écologie sonore paysagère développée par Raymond Murray Schafer prend tout son sens dans le partage territorial sonore entre humains et non-humains. Depuis les années 1970, Schafer a réveillé notre écoute du monde sonore entre vivant et non-vivant ; le processus même de perception du sonore et son intégration dans le rapport ordinaire à l’environnement portent un nom : le paysage sonore. Afin de saisir toute la dynamique spatiale de ce partage territorial des sources sonores humaines et non humaines, nous proposons ici une approche paysagère d’appréhension sonore des qualités humaines et non humaines de l’environnement vécu – telles que définies par Bernie Krause (2016) – le spectre de présence, approche actuellement testée sur les zones calmes – bois, forêts, parcs et jardins – de la métropole bordelaise. Cette méthode de relevé et d’analyse du paysage sonore urbain permet de prendre un « instantané » des effets anthropophoniques de l’urbanisation galopante et du changement climatique. Elle constitue un outil de diagnostic ambiantal des « sanctuaires sonores » au sein de la ville, à créer ou à préserver pour répondre au besoin d’acclimatation de l’habitant des villes en situation de stress environnemental. À terme, ce modèle d’analyse ambiantale est voué à évoluer vers un outil d’observation et de qualification des ambiances sonores, capable d’étudier le devenir et l’utilisation de ces « zones calmes » face aux réponses urbaines au changement climatique.In cities, climate change cannot be dissociated from the environmental question of the landscape. In this respect, the sound ecology of the landscape developed by Raymond Murray Schafer takes on its full meaning in the territorial sound experience shared by humans and non-humans. Since the 1970s Schäfer has raised awareness of the world of sound shared by the human and non-human features of the environment; the very process of perceiving sound and including it in our ordinary relationship with the environment has a name: soundscape. In order to capture all the spatial dynamics of this territorial sharing of human and non-human sound sources, we propose to apprehend the biophonic and anthropophonic qualities of the experienced environment—as defined by Bernie Krause (2016)—through the landscape and the spectrum of presence; an approach currently being tested in quiet areas such as woods, forests, parks and gardens in the metropolitan area of Bordeaux. This method of surveying and analysing the urban soundscape provides a ‘snapshot’ of the anthropophonic effects of rapid urbanisation and climate change. It provides a tool for conducting an ambient diagnostic of ‘sound sanctuaries’ within the city that need to be preserved or created to meet the acclimatisation needs of urban dwellers in situations of environmental stress. Eventually, the intention is for this ambient analytical model to evolve into a tool for observing and qualifying sound environments to study the potential status and use of these ‘quiet zones’ in the face of urban responses to climate change
BMJ Open
No full textSeveral cardiovascular outcome trials have been conducted to assess the cardiovascular safety and efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) on cardiorenal outcomes in patients with type-2 diabetes (T2D). However, the strict requirements of randomised controlled trials to avoid most confounding factors are at the expense of external validity. Using national real-world data, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of GLP-1RAs in association with metformin especially on cardiovascular events, hospitalisation for heart failure and all-cause death in comparison with other diabetes treatment schemes using dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, sulfonylureas/glinides or insulin also associated with metformin. Sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) will be excluded as comparators, as this class of oral hypoglycaemic agents just started in 2020 to be marketed in France. The Système National des Données de Santé is a comprehensive nationwide administrative healthcare database in France that covers approximately 67 million people.Several cohorts of adult patients with T2D initiating any GLP1-RA in dual or triple therapies, as recommended by the French Health authorities, will be identified in this database over the period 2016-2021. These cohorts will be defined by the combination of glucose-lowering drugs prescribed simultaneously with GLP1-RA and diabetes treatment received over a 6-month period before GLP1-RA initiation. They will be first matched with T2D controls (1:3 ratio) based on the year of drug initiation and treatment regimens before and simultaneously with GLP1-RA in the different selected cohorts. Comparative analyses will be conducted versus these control groups, adjusting for cardiovascular event history and a propensity score considering age, sex, area of residence, deprivation index, comorbidities, duration of diabetes, use of lipid-lowering drugs, anticoagulants, antiplatelet therapies and blood pressure-lowering therapies. Comparative analyses will be conducted versus these control groups, using a high-dimensional propensity scores method and fixed baseline characteristics. Treatment effects on the different outcomes measured will be estimated for each GLP1-RA group, through HR and their corresponding CIs (95% CI) using Cox regressions and/or competitive risk regressions when necessary. The study has been approved by an independent ethics committee (Comité éthique et scientifique pour les recherches, les études et les évaluations dans le domaine de la santé, Paris, France; reference: 8699786, dated 2 June 2022) and has been registered with the French National Data Protection Commission (Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés, Paris, France; reference: 922161, dated 26 June 2022). The findings of this study will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presented at international conferences. F20220803152803
Evaluation of the efficacy of arginine on dental sensitivities caused by MIH (hypomineralisation of molars and incisors) in children
No full textDe nombreux enfants souffrent d'hypominéralisation molaires et incisives (MIH), entraînant des sensibilités dentaires et des douleurs qui compliquent l'hygiène bucco-dentaire et les soins, affectant leur qualité de vie. Des recherches montrent que les dentifrices à base d'arginine réduisent les sensibilités chez les adultes, d'où l'intérêt d'explorer leur efficacité chez les enfants atteints de MIH. Un dentifrice contenant ou non de l'arginine a été testé sur un échantillon d'enfants avec hypersensibilité, montrant une amélioration immédiate après 4 et 8 semaines, bien que les résultats à long terme soient variables. Des études plus larges sont nécessaires pour valider ces résultats.Many children suffer from hypomineralisation of the molars and incisors (MIH), resulting in tooth sensitivity and pain that can make oral hygiene and care difficult and affect their quality of life. Research shows that arginine-based toothpastes reduce sensitivity in adults, so it is worth investigating their effectiveness in children with MIH. A toothpaste with or without arginine was tested in a sample of children with hypersensitivity and showed immediate improvement at 4 and 8 weeks, although long-term results are variable. Larger studies are needed to confirm these results
Compte-rendu de lecture : Ivan Bruneau, Au pays de Bernie Sanders. Enquête sur une autre Amérique
No full text
Ann Epidemiol
No full textPURPOSE: Harmonizing variables for constructs measured differently across studies is essential for comparing, combining, and generalizing results. We developed and fielded a brief survey to harmonize Likert and continuous versions of measures for two constructs, self-rated health and self-rated memory, for use in studies of French older adults. METHODS: We recruited 300 participants from a French memory clinic in 2023 to answer both the Likert and continuous versions of self-rated health and self-rated memory questions. For each construct, we predicted responses to the Likert version with multinomial and ordinal logistic models, varying specifications of continuous version responses (linear or spline) and covariate sets (question order, age, sex/gender, and interactions between the continuous version and covariates). We also implemented a percentiles-based crosswalk sensitivity analysis. We compared Cohen's weighted kappa values to identify the best statistical harmonization approach. RESULTS: In the final models [multinomial models with continuous version spline, question order (self-rated memory model only), age, sex/gender, and interactions between the continuous version and covariates], weighted kappa values were 0.61 for self-rated health and 0.60 for self-rated memory, reflecting moderate agreement. CONCLUSIONS: Primary data collection feasibly facilitates statistical harmonization of variables for constructs measured differently across studies
