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OCCUPATIONS IN THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF BARTIN DURING THE LATE OTTOMAN PERIOD ACCORDING TO THE ANNUAIRE ORIENTAL
No full textOsmanlı kentlerinin iktisadi yapısının anlaşılmasında esnaf, sanatkâr ve tüccarlardan oluşan meslek erbabının rolü belirleyici bir yere sahiptir. Özellikle Anadolu kentlerinde ekonomik işleyişin izlerini, bu meslek gruplarının faaliyetleri üzerinden takip edebilmek mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, 20. yüzyılın başlarında Karadeniz’in (önemli limanlarından biri olan) küçük bir kıyı kasabası olan ve sahip olduğu ticari potansiyel ile dikkat çeken Bartın’ın mesleki yapılanması incelenmektedir. Taşradaki bir kıyı kentinin değişen üretim ve tüketim tercihleri ile şehrin ticaret potansiyelinde esnafın etkinliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. 1908, 1914 ve 1922 yıllarına ait Şark Ticaret Yıllıkları çerçevesinde şehirdeki zanaatkâr, esnaf ve tüccarların meslek gruplarına göre dağılımı, bu mesleklerde faaliyet gösterenlerin sayıları, isimleri, dini kimlikleri ve hangi mesleklerde Müslüman veya gayrimüslimlerin yoğunlaştığına dair tespitler yapılmıştır. Çalışma bütünlüğünü sağlayabilmek için Bartın Şeriye Sicilleri ve arşiv belgelerinden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular çerçevesinde Birinci Meşrutiyet, Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve Mütareke yıllarını kapsayan süreçte mesleki çeşitlilik büyük oranda korunmakla beraber belirli alanlarda dönüşüm geçirdiği gözlemlenmiştir. Geleneksel zanaatkârlık temelli meslek grupları kent ekonomisinde hâlâ önemli bir yer tutarken, dış ticaretin gelişimi ve Avrupa merkezli ekonomik ilişkilerin etkisiyle yeni meslek gruplarının da ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir. Şehirdeki işyerleri genel hatlarıyla küçük işletmelerden oluşmaktaydı. Bu işletmelerin milletlere göre dağılımına bakıldığında gayrimüslimlerin özellikle Rum tebaanın ezici bir çoğunluğa sahip olduğu gözükmektedir. 20. yüzyılın başlarında Bartın’da gayrimüslimlerin, Müslümanlara oranla ticari hayatta etkin bir rol üstlendikleri anlaşılmaktadır.The role of craftsmen, artisans, and merchants in understanding the economic structure of Ottoman cities is decisive. It is possible to trace the economic functioning of Anatolian cities through the activities of these professional groups. This study examines the professional structure of Bartın, a small coastal town on the Black Sea (one of its important ports) at the beginning of the 20th century, which attracted attention with its commercial potential. The aim is to determine the effectiveness of artisans in the changing production and consumption preferences of a coastal town in the countryside and the city's commercial potential. Based on the Şark Ticaret Yıllıkları (Eastern Trade Yearbooks) from 1908, 1914, and 1922, the distribution of artisans, tradesmen, and merchants in the city according to their occupational groups, the number of people engaged in these occupations, their names, religious identities, and the occupations in which Muslims or non-Muslims were concentrated were identified. Bartın Sharia Registers and archival documents were used to ensure the integrity of the study. Based on the findings, it was observed that occupational diversity was largely preserved during the period covering the First Constitutional Era, World War I, and the Armistice, but underwent transformation in certain areas. While traditional craft-based occupational groups still hold an important place in the city's economy, the development of foreign trade and the influence of Europe-centered economic relations have led to the emergence of new occupational groups. Businesses in the city were generally small enterprises. Looking at the distribution of these businesses by ethnicity, it is clear that non-Muslims, particularly the Greek population, constituted an overwhelming majority. At the beginning of the 20th century, it is understood that non-Muslims in Bartın played a more active role in commercial life than Muslims
Prediction of Friction and Wear Behavior of Ternary Polycarbonate-Poly(Butylene Terephthalate)/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Polymer Nanocomposites Using Feature Engineering Assisted Machine Learning Algorithms
No full textIn the present work, polycarbonate-poly(butylene terephthalate)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PC-PBT/MWCNT) nanocomposites were produced via melt-compounding, extrusion, and molding techniques with nanofiller wt. fractions of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt %. Nanofiller induced microstructural, mechanical and dry sliding wear property changes were evaluated, and coefficients of friction (COF) and specific wear rate (SWR) responses were predicted by employing machine learning (ML) models with and without feature engineering (FE) integration. One wt % nanofiller addition resulted in 52%, 41%, and 119% increase in tensile modulus, flexural modulus, and impact strength of neat samples, respectively. Nanofiller addition also resulted in up to 52% and 41% enhancement in tensile and flexural moduli, and up to 91% and 22% reduction in SWR and COF values. The lowest COF and SWR were recorded as 0.231 for 1 wt % MWCNT under 10 N and 4.48 (x10-15) m3/Nm for 0.5 wt % MWCNT under 5 N, respectively. Wear data and worn surface analysis results indicate that COF is directly affected by a transfer-film-formation mechanism at the contact interface, whereas SWR is sensitive to a variety of other factors including contact mechanics features. FE-assisted K-Star model demonstrated the highest prediction accuracy (R 2 = 0.96), whereas the highest accuracy without FE was achieved by Lasso model (R 2 = 0.87). The improved accuracy of FE-assisted models is ascribed to their higher robustness against inconsistencies in the data sets.T?rkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu [TUBITAK 1002-A, 123M666, TUBITAK]This research was supported by the TUBITAK 1002-A project (grant no. 123M666). The author gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by TUBITAK
Physicochemical, Radiation Shielding, and Anti-Reflective Properties of PCL/PVC Nanocomposites Reinforced With Microwave-Synthesized FeS2 Nanospheres
No full textIn this study, poly epsilon-caprolactone (PCL)/poly vinyl chloride (PVC) blend nanocomposite films reinforced with microwave-assisted synthesized iron pyrite (FeS2) nanospheres were obtained by the solvent casting method. Characterization of the composites was carried out using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Gamma-ray shielding properties, including mass attenuation coefficients (MAC), mean free path (MFP), half-value layer (HVL), and effective atomic numbers (Zeff), were determined experimentally using a gamma spectrometer equipped with a ULEGe detector. The results indicate that increasing FeS2 content enhances the gamma shielding performance, with PCL/PVC/10% FeS2 exhibiting the highest attenuation capacity. Additionally, fast neutron shielding was evaluated through neutron equivalent dose measurements, confirming the potential of FeS2 to improve neutron absorption. Theoretical calculations of exposure buildup factors (EBF), fast neutron removal cross-section (Sigma R), mass stopping power (MSP), and projected range (PR) were also computed. Furthermore, anti-reflective properties were assessed by determining albedo parameters, revealing that FeS2 effectively reduces gamma-ray reflection by approximately 12.10%. The results suggest that FeS2 doped PCL/PVC composites have significant potential for use in radiation shielding and anti-reflective coatings in various industrial and biomedical applications.Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit [FF.24.23]; Management Unit of the Scientific Research Projects of Fimath;rat University (FUBAP)This work was supported by the Management Unit of the Scientific Research Projects of F & imath;rat University (FUBAP) (Project Number: FF.24.23)
Sustainable Reinforcement of CMC Based Hydrogels with Fenton Oxi-dized and Mechanically Refined Cellulose
No full text215O313Fenton oksidasyonu mikro ve nano ölçekli selüloz üretimi öncesinde sarf edilen enerji miktarını azaltmasıyla son yıllarda dikkat çeken konu başlıklarından biri olmuştur. Bu kimyasal ön işlem sayesinde lifler mekanik prosesler süresince daha kolay işlenirken, aynı zamanda liflerin yüzey alanlarının arttığı bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada karboksimetil selüloz (KMS) esaslı hidrojel üretiminde katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan selülozun fenton oksidasyonu ile ön işleme tabi tutulmasının hidrojel özelliklerine olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Selüloza ayrıca PFI veya kolloid değirmenleri ile mekanik ön işlemden de geçirilmiştir. FTIR, DSC ve SEM ile karakterize edilen hidrojellerin çeşitli sıvılar içerisindeki şişme performansları karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca hidrojel üretiminde iki farklı tip sitrik asit (SA) ve epiklorohidrin (EKH) çapraz bağlayıcı kullanılmış, çapraz bağlayıcıların da hidrojel üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Her iki çapraz bağlayıcı ile hidrojel üretimi başarı ile sonuçlanmış, çapraz bağlayıcı tipine göre FTIR spektrumlarında doğrulama yapılmıştır. Uygulanan fenton oksidasyonu sayesinde, hidrojelin şişme performansına kullanılan selülozdan kaynaklanan olumsuz etkiler sınırlandırılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda selüloz içermesine rağmen hidrojelin kendi kütlesinin 58 katına kadar sıvı absorplayabildiği belirlenmiştir.Fenton oxidation has emerged as one of the most prominent topics in recent years due to its ability to reduce the amount of energy consumed in the production of micro- and nano-scale cellulose. This chemical pretreatment enables fibers to be processed more easily during mechanical processes while also increasing their surface area. In this study, the effects of pre-treating cellulose, used as an additive in the production of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based hydrogels, with Fenton oxidation on the properties of the hydrogels were investigated. The cellulose was also subjected to mechanical pre-treatment using PFI or colloid mills. The hydrogels characterized by FTIR, DSC, and SEM were compared the swelling performance in various liquids. Additionally, two different types of cross-linkers (citric acid and epichlorohydrin) were used in hydrogel production, and their effects on the hydrogels were evaluated. Hydrogel production was successfully achieved with both cross-linkers, and FTIR instrument was verified it. Thanks to the applied Fenton oxidation, the negative effects on the hydrogel's swelling performance caused by the cellulose were limited. The analyses revealed that the hydrogel could absorb liquid up to 58 times its own mass despite containing cellulose.Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurum
Those Who Contributed to the Education of Turkish
No full textDil, insanlar arasında iletişim kurmayı, duygu ve düşüncelerini aktarmayı sağlayan, sürekli değişen, gelişen, kendine özgü kuralları olan bir anlaşma aracıdır. Türkçe 250-300 milyon civarında insan tarafından konuşulmaktadır. Bu, Türkçenin gücünü ve sürekliliğini göstermektedir. Türkçenin ilk yazılı metinleri 8. ve 9. yüz yılda Orhun Abideleriyle başlamış ve günümüze kadar zenginleşerek devam etmiştir. Türk dilinin dönemlerini bakıldığında Eski Türkçe Dönemi (Orhon Türkçesi, Uygurca), Orta Türkçe Dönemi (Karahanlıca, Harezmce, Çağatayca, Kıpçakça, Eski Anadolu Türkçesi) ve Meşrutiyet Dönemi'nden Cumhuriyet Dönemi'ne uzanan süreçlerdeki değişim dikkat çeker. Bu dönemlerde yazılan eserler toplumun kültürünü, değerlerini, sosyal durumunu, maddi, manevi değerlerini, yaşayış tarzını yansıtmaktadır. Türkçe geçirdiği her döneminde zenginleşerek güçlenerek varlığı sürdürmeye devam etmektedir. Bir toplumun varlığını devam ettirebilmesi dilinin önemini bilip onu korumasıyla mümkündür. Bu nedenle Eski Türk Dili Dönemi'nden itibaren günümüze kadar olan dil zenginliklerini bilmek, korumak, geliştirmek gereklidir. Çünkü dil ve kültür bir bütündür. Bu düşünceden hareketle Türk diliyle ve Türkçe eğitimiyle ilgili bilim insanları birçok çalışma yapmıştır. Geçmişten günümüze yazıtlar, sözlükler, ansiklopediler, çeşitli kitaplar yazılmış, taranmış, incelenmiştir. Tanıttığımız bu eser Türk diline emeği geçen şahsiyetlerin hayatı ve eserleri hakkında bilim insanları tarafından yazılan makaleler bir araya getirilerek ansiklopedik bir eser oluşturulmuştur. Eser alanında yapılan ilk çalışma ve ilk deneme olması bakımından da önem taşımaktadır. “Türkçenin Eğitimine Emek Verenler” adlı ansiklopedik eserin araştırmacılara yardımcı, okuyuculara yararlı olması amaçlanmıştır. Başta Prof. Dr. Osman MERT olmak üzere emeği geçen tüm bilim insanlarına teşekkürlerimizi sunmayı bir borç bilir, Türk diliyle ilgili çalışmalarının devamını temenni ederiz.Language is a tool for communication, enabling people to convey their emotions and thoughts. It is constantly evolving, developing, and governed by its unique rules. Turkish is spoken by approximately 250-300 million people, demonstrating its strength and continuity. The earliest written records of Turkish date back to the 8th and 9th centuries with the Orkhon Inscriptions, and it has continued to enrich and evolve over time. Examining the periods of the Turkish language reveals significant transitions: the Old Turkish Period (Orkhon Turkish, Uighur), the Middle Turkish Period (Karahanid, Khwarezmian, Chagatai, Kipchak, Old Anatolian Turkish), and the changes from the Constitutional Era to the Republican Era. Works written in these periods reflect the culture, values, social status, material and spiritual assets, and lifestyle of society. Turkish has strengthened and enriched itself during every phase, ensuring its continuity. The survival of a society depends on recognizing the importance of its language and protecting it. Therefore, it is necessary to acknowledge, preserve, and develop the linguistic richness that has existed from the Old Turkish Period to the present day. Language and culture are inseparable. With this understanding, many scholars have conducted extensive studies on the Turkish language and Turkish education. From the past to the present, inscriptions, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and various books have been written, analyzed, and researched. The work we are introducing is an encyclopedic compilation of articles written by scholars about the lives and works of individuals who have contributed to the Turkish language. This publication is significant as it represents the first attempt in its field. The encyclopedic work titled "Contributors to Turkish Education" aims to assist researchers and benefit readers. We extend our gratitude to all the scholars, especially Prof. Dr. Osman MERT, who contributed to this work, and we hope that studies on the Turkish language will continue to flourish
Re-evaluating Cambaztepe in the Context of its Yamnaya (Pit-Grave) Origin, the Anatolian Trade Network and Possible Early Migrations towards Anatolia in the 3rd Millennium BC
No full textThis study aims to re-evaluate Cambaztepe, located approximately 12 km west of the Silivri district center of & Idot;stanbul, where rescue excavations led by the & Idot;stanbul Archaeology Museums in 2015 were carried out. Cambaztepe is a burial mound dated to the Early Bronze Age II (EBA II) within Anatolian chronology. It also has a secondary burial context dated to the Iron Age. Although there is no absolute dating, Cambaztepe is currently believed to be the earliest burial mound in Turkiye's European territory (also known as Eastern Thrace), considering the burial position and the grave goods and/or finds. The excavation team has published only a preliminary report and two papers, of which one was published in a popular magazine. The possible relationship between Cambaztepe and Yamnaya (Pit-Grave), and other related cultures was not examined in the preliminary report. Furthermore, the preliminary report provides inaccurate and misleading suggestions about the way the deceased were placed in the grave and the grave finds. In addition to other evidence, the way the deceased were placed in the grave as a semi-supine position indicates that the Cambaztepe EBA II grave context is related to the Pit-Grave or other cultures with Pit-Grave traditions in the Balkans. However, the grave structure in round shape with a floor of stone slabs and the grave finds, consisting of a beaked jug of inland Western Anatolian origin and a dagger of Anatolian origin, make Cambaztepe different from contemporary burial mounds in the Balkans. The existence of a cremation burial is sufficient to make concrete suggestions in the context of possible early migrations from Europe to Anatolia in the 3rd millennium BC, even though the exact nature of these migrations remains unknown, whether they involved the population movement or transfer of ideas-ideology-beliefs (or a combination of both). Likewise, the Cambaztepe EBA II grave context has a potential to define the mechanism of migration from Anatolia to Europe more precisely. The Cambaztepe EBA II grave context should be placed at the date range 2700-2500 BC, based on the burial practice observed in the Balkans and the grave finds of Anatolian origin
The effect of a gamified flipped classroom model on reading comprehension and motivation in a primary school social studies course
No full textThis article aims to examine the effect of the gamified flipped classroom model on students' reading comprehension ability and motivation in a primary school social studies course. The research used the pre-test-post-test control group research. The study group consisted of 32 students who were enrolled in the fourth grade. The application of the study lasted for six weeks. Due to the pandemic, the study was completed using distance education. The reading comprehension achievement test and social studies course motivation scale were used as data collection tools. The gamified flipped classroom model had a statistically significant effect on the reading comprehension skills of the experimental group, in line with the research findings. However, there was no statistically significant difference when compared to the control group. When the effects of the model on motivation were examined, it was concluded that there was no statistically significant effect
Synthesizing cognitive mathematics learning taxonomies
No full textThis paper synthesizes twenty-one educational taxonomies tailored primarily for mathematics education. By integrating general cognitive frameworks such as Bloom's Taxonomy and Webb's Depth of Knowledge with mathematics-specific models like Smith et al.'s MATH Taxonomy and Pirie-Kieren's Model of Mathematical Understanding, we develop a synthesized taxonomy (ST) that bridges the gap between content mastery and higher-order cognitive processes. The ST features six hierarchical levels to promote deeper cognitive engagement, support curriculum design, enhance assessments, and foster interdisciplinary integration. The ST addresses gaps in existing taxonomies by aligning task complexity with cognitive processes, accommodating nonlinear learning, and emphasizing real-world applications and creativity. It offers practical implications for curriculum differentiation, teacher professional development, adaptive learning technologies, and research on learning progressions. In conclusion, this synthesized taxonomy advances mathematics education by offering a flexible, comprehensive framework that supports foundational knowledge and complex problem-solving skills, better preparing students for the demands of a rapidly evolving world. While promising, the ST faces challenges related to implementation complexity, resource needs, and empirical validation
Children's Epistemic Rights in Education
No full textIt is unequivocally known that certain rights are inherent to every human being. These rights cover a broad range, from the right to food and education to the right to freedom, among others. Most of these rights aim to secure our biological or social needs, ensuring the well-being of the right-holder. In addition to our biological and social needs, we have epistemic needs-such as the desire to know, understand, or accurately represent the world in an epistemic sense. In her recent book, Watson highlights an overlooked framework of rights concerning epistemic goods to which everyone is entitled. In the present paper, the question 'Do children have epistemic rights that secure their epistemic needs?' is examined. Drawing on Watson's work, it is examined what epistemic rights are. Then it is considered whether children possess such rights and how to define them in the context of education. Finally, the ideal epistemic state that should be achieved in relation to these rights is discussed, concluding that, in educational settings, the aim must be to foster understanding, not just knowledge, to secure children's rights epistemic rights
High-performance CNT-integrated PolyHIPE networks enabling efficient PCM encapsulation via emulsion templating for advanced thermal energy storage
No full textOne of the key approaches in passive thermal energy storage systems involves the use of structures integrated with phase change materials (PCMs), which often face challenges such as low thermal conductivity and leakage during phase transitions. In this study, a novel composite PCM was developed using a macroporous polymer framework synthesized via the high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) method. Methyl stearate (MS), with a high latent heat capacity (similar to 280 J/g) and suitable melting point (similar to 35 degrees C), was selected as the PCM. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were incorporated to enhance thermal conductivity and structural integrity. The resulting PolyHIPE-based composites were fabricated via vacuum-assisted impregnation, achieving 75 wt% MS encapsulation without leakage. The addition of CNTs significantly improved thermal conductivity-from 0.021 W/m.K (pristine PolyHIPE) to 0.508 W/m.K-corresponding to a 2319 % enhancement. Latent heat storage reached 209 J/g, with phase change temperatures remaining stable after 600 thermal cycles. The enthalpy reduction after cycling was <1 % (from 209.7 J/g to 209.0 J/g), indicating excellent thermal reliability. The optimized PolyHIPE@CNT/ MS composite demonstrates a robust structure, high energy density, and rapid heat transfer capability, making it suitable for advanced thermal energy storage applications such as thermal management of building elements, electronic devices, Li-ion batteries, etc