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An empirical investigation of the underlying factors of recently declining air pollution in China
No full textThis study analyses the underlying factors of recently declining air pollution in China, utilizing annual time series data from 2000 to 2020 in the autoregressive distributed lag model approach framework. In the empirical setting, air pollution is represented by particulate matter (2.5) concentrations, known as the most detrimental ambient pollutant, and the empirical model includes several socioeconomic potential determinants of air pollution. The main motivation behind this study was the downward trend in air pollution in China as of the second decade of the 2000s. Although it is commonly accepted that the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan implemented by the Chinese State Council has been effective, the underlying factors of declining air pollution aren't clear. Based on this motivation, the study revealed the positive impacts of economic growth, industrialization, and foreign direct investment inflows on air pollution. At the same time, medium- and hightech exports and coal rents are negatively associated with air pollution. In this respect, the overall results particularly emphasize the declining impact of an increase in medium- and high-tech exports on air pollution. In this context, to improve air quality further, the study suggests that China should transform its industrialization structure toward specialization in medium- and high-tech products and promote foreign direct investment inflows specialized in these products. This study provides additional policy recommendations for Chinese policymakers
Multi-Modal LLMs in Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review
No full textGiven the rapid emergence and applications of Multi-Modal Large Language Models (MM-LLMs) across various scientific fields, insights regarding their applicability in agriculture are still only partially explored. This paper conducts an in-depth review of MM-LLMs in agriculture, focusing on understanding how MM-LLMs can be developed and implemented to optimize agricultural processes, increase efficiency, and reduce costs. Recent studies have explored the capabilities of MM-LLMs in agricultural information processing and decision-making. Despite these advancements, significant gaps persist, particularly in addressing domain-specific challenges such as variable data quality and availability, integration with existing agricultural systems, and the creation of robust training datasets that accurately represent complex agricultural environments. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of the capabilities, challenges, and limitations of MM-LLMs in agricultural information processing and application is still missing. Exploring these areas is crucial to providing the community with a broader perspective and a clearer understanding of MM-LLMs’ applications, establishing a benchmark for the current state and emerging trends in this field. To bridge this gap, this survey reviews the progress of MM-LLMs and their utilization in agriculture, with an additional focus on 11 key research questions (RQs), where 4 RQs are general and 7 RQs are agriculture focused. By addressing these RQs, this review outlines the current opportunities and challenges, limitations, and future roadmap for MM-LLMs in agriculture. The findings indicate that multi-modal MM-LLMs not only simplify complex agricultural challenges but also significantly enhance decision-making and improve the efficiency of agricultural image processing. These advancements position MM-LLMs as an essential tool for the future of farming. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Evaluation of the conformity of TÖMER language teaching programmes with the skills of the common European framework of reference for languages: The case of Bartın University TÖMER
No full textYabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde üniversite düzeyinde genel kabul görmüş bir dil eğitimi programı bulunmamaktadır. Bu sebeple kurumlar, Avrupa Dilleri Ortak Çerçeve Programı'nda belirtilen kur seviyeleri ve ilgili seviyelere uygun temel dil becerilerini dayanak alarak kurslarda uyguladıkları dil öğretim programını kendileri hazırlamaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada örneklem olarak alınan Bartın Üniversitesi Türkçe Öğretim Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi B1 düzeyinde uygulanan dil öğretim programının, öğrencilerin Avrupa Dilleri Ortak Çerçeve Programı'nda belirtilen yeterlikleri kazanmasında ne düzeyde etkili olduğu, buna bağlı olarak programın yeterliği ve varsa geliştirilmesi gereken program bileşenlerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bartın Üniversitesi Türkçe Öğretim Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi'nde B1 düzeyi 95 öğrenciden ve aynı kur düzeyinde görev yapan 11 öğretim görevlisinden veri toplanmıştır. Nicel veriler, 27 maddeden oluşan Temel Dil Becerileri Değerlendirme Ölçeği ve 30 maddeden oluşan Kurs Merkezi/ Öğretim Programı Değerlendirme Ölçeği uygulanarak toplanmıştır. Nitel veriler, öğretmenlerle yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılarak ve öğrencilere uygulanan ölçeklerin yer aldığı forma 4 açık uçlu soru eklenerek toplanmıştır. Nicel veri analizleri için betimsel istatistik, nitel veri analizleri için de içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, ortak bir program olmamasına rağmen Bartın Üniversitesi Türkçe Öğretim Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi kurs programının Avrupa Dilleri Ortak Çerçeve Programı yönergelerine uygun olarak yürütüldüğü belirlenmiştir. Uygulanan programın genel olarak öğrencilerin ihtiyaçlarına hizmet ettiği, öğrencilerin kendilerini bulundukları kur düzeyi becerilerine göre yeterli buldukları ve program, kurs merkezi ve öğreticilere dair bazı zayıf yönlerden bahsedilse de çoğunlukla olumlu görüşe sahip oldukları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Buna ek olarak yazma ve konuşma derslerine daha fazla ağırlık verilmesini istedikleri belirlenmiştir. Öğreticilerin görüşleri de öğrenci görüşlerini destekler niteliktedir. Öğreticiler, yazma ve konuşma ders sürelerini yetersiz bulduklarını, ortak program olmadığı için kitaba bağlı işleyiş gerçekleştirdiklerini ve becerileri daha iyi edindirebilme amacıyla kitap dışı etkinlikler yapıldığını belirtmişlerdir. Ayrıca kurs merkezinde dil öğretiminin yanı sıra kültürel unsurlara da önem verildiği belirlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Avrupa dilleri ortak çerçeve programı, program değerlendirme, yeterlik.There is no generally accepted language education programme at university level in teaching Turkish to foreigners. For this reason, institutions prepare their own language teaching programmes based on the course levels specified in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the basic language skills appropriate to the relevant levels. In this study, it is aimed to investigate to what extent the language teaching programme implemented at the B1 level of Bartın University Turkish Language Teaching Application and Research Centre, which is taken as a sample, is effective in helping students acquire the competencies specified in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, and accordingly, the adequacy of the programme and the programme components that need to be developed, if any. Data were collected from 95 B1 level students and 11 instructors working at the same level at Bartın University Turkish Language Teaching Application and Research Centre. Quantitative data were collected by applying the Basic Language Skills Assessment Scale consisting of 27 items and the Course Centre / Curriculum Evaluation Scale consisting of 30 items. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the teachers and by adding 4 open-ended questions to the form containing the scales applied to the students. Descriptive statistics was used for quantitative data analysis and content analysis was used for qualitative data analysis. As a result of the research, it was determined that although there is no common programme, Bartın University Turkish Language Teaching Application and Research Centre course programme is carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. It was concluded that the implemented programme generally serves the needs of the students, that the students find themselves adequate according to their skills at the level they are at, and that they have mostly positive opinions about the programme, the course centre and the instructors, although some weaknesses were mentioned. In addition, it was determined that they wanted more emphasis on writing and speaking lessons. The views of the instructors also support the views of the students. The instructors stated that they found the writing and speaking lesson durations insufficient, that they carried out book-based activities since there was no common programme, and that out-of-book activities were carried out in order to better acquire skills. In addition to language teaching, cultural elements are also given importance in the course centre. Keywords in English: Common European framework of reference for languages, program evaluation, qualificatio
Evaluation of Smart Agricultural Technologies Used in Smart Villages: SWARA Approach
No full textThe rapid development of technology has paved the way for innovative solutions in agriculture, particularly in smart villages. This study evaluates the effectiveness and sustainability of agricultural technologies used in smart villages by employing the SWARA (Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) method. Six main criteria and eighteen sub-criteria were assessed based on expert evaluations. The findings reveal that technological relevance (0.267) is the most significant criterion, followed by efficiency and performance (0.205), economic factors (0.164), environmental sustainability (0.137), social and user satisfaction (0.119), and political and governance factors (0.108). Among the sub-criteria, innovativeness, yield increase, and costeffectiveness were identified as critical factors influencing the adoption of smart agricultural technologies. The study offers actionable recommendations, including prioritizing user-friendly and cost-effective technologies, enhancing financial incentives, and aligning policies with global sustainability goals such as SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of stakeholder collaboration, locally specific strategies, and continuous adaptation of technologies to regional needs, ensuring the sustainable development of smart villages
Effects of combining weight training and calisthenic exercises on strength and body circumference measurements in U-23 national wrestlers
No full textBackground and Study Aim. Wrestling requires high levels of physical strength, endurance, and specialized training adaptations to support performance at the elite level. Combining different training modalities may enhance these adaptations more effectively than using them in isolation. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of incorporating calisthenic exercises into sport-specific resistance training programs on specific physiological and performance parameters in elite-level wrestlers. Material and Methods. The study included 22 male wrestlers aged 18-20, all competing at the national team level. Participants were randomly divided into two groups based on their competitive weight categories, with 11 wrestlers in each group. All participants continued their regular wrestling training three times per week for eight weeks. The first group performed weight training using a pyramidal method. The loads varied between 80-100% of their maximum strength. The second group followed the same weight training program but additionally performed calisthenic exercises designed to enhance wrestling-specific strength. Results. At the end of the eight-week training period, the first group, which performed only weight training, showed significant increases in biceps circumference measurements and handgrip strength (p<0.05). Conversely, the second group, which incorporated calisthenic exercises into their weight training regimen, exhibited significant improvements in chest and biceps circumference. They also showed increased handgrip strength (both right and left), as well as back and leg strength parameters (p<0.05). Conclusions. The integration of calisthenic exercises into weight training programs has been identified as a highly effective strategy for enhancing wrestling-specific strength development. This approach has been demonstrated to provide substantial benefits in meeting the unique strength requirements of wrestlers.TUBITAK 2209-A Program for Supporting Research Projects of Undergraduate Students [1919B012206235]Acknowledgement This study was supported by the TUBITAK 2209-A Program for Supporting Research Projects of Undergraduate Students under project number 1919B012206235. We would like to express our gratitude for their support
Early retirement practice in Türkiye and young generations' reactions: An analysis of intergenerational solidarity
No full textIn social insurance systems—particularly in pay-as-you-go (PAYG)models—pensions are financed by contributions from the younger population when individuals encounter the risk of old age. Thus, the cycle continues as each generation supports the previous one. However, this solidarity may be undermined if the system, which is founded on the principle of trust, grants benefits to those who are not yet exposed to the risk of old age. In Türkiye, the old-age insurance system has frequently been subject to political interventions, especially during election periods,which has weakened the principle of solidarity in its operation. Following the previous experiences, Law No. 7438—enacted in 2023—granted pension rights to those insured on or before September 8, 1999, provided they meet all conditions except for the age requirement. This legislation reopened the path to retirement after 20 years of work for women and 25years for men. While the law received strong support from those within its scope of the law, it sparked criticism, particularly among younger generations who were excluded from its scope. This study aims to explore the support and opposition triggered by the implementation of Law No.7438, based on post titles and user comments (entries) published on the online platform Ekşi Sözlük. Using content analysis, five thematic categories were identified to achieve this purpose. According to the findings, 64% of the 103 titles and 67% of the most popular 400 entries in the 10 titles with the highest number of entries (most-discussed) express opposition to the law. The most prevalent theme was “Generation X, Y, Z/ Child / Young / Old.” Additionally, 129 of the sampled entries (i.e., over32%) emphasized intergenerational perspectives. The law has thus generated visible tension between “non-elderly elders” and younger generations
Investors' footsteps: an empirical study of herd behaviour in the stock exchanges of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Ukraine
No full textHerding behaviors can distort the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and lead to deviations of assets from their real values, thus resulting in purchases and sales at incorrect prices. In this study, the existence of herding behaviors was examined in the stock exchanges of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Ukraine using three different and widely accepted models. These countries were selected due to their status as candidate countries for the European Union (EU). The study assesses the success of the structural reforms undertaken by these countries in the post-socialist period, the extent to which their market regulations align with those of the European Union, and whether market efficiency has been achieved during the accession process. Herding behavior is considered one of the indicators of market efficiency. The analysis utilized daily closing prices from January 2010 to October 2024. The results revealed no substantial indication of herding behavior in the stock markets of the three EU candidate countries when assessed through the models developed by Christie, Huang, Hwang, and Salmon. However, applying the approach of Chang, Cheng, and Khorana, statistically significant signs of sentiment-driven herding were detected exclusively in the stock market of Bosnia and Herzegovina. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
YASAMA ORGANININ GÜNDEM OLUŞTURMA SÜRECİNDE DİRENÇLİ KENTLER
No full textIdentifying any problem and defining it by policy actors is the first step of the public policy process. Secondly, agenda setting brings with it discussions about when, how and in what way public policy will be implemented. The Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) is one of the most fundamental actors involved in the public policy process. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the political approach of political parties regarding resilient cities in The Turkish Grand National Assembly, which is one of the official policy actors, by classifying them according to The Turkish Grand National Assembly minutes. When the minutes of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye are examined, the necessity of establishing resilient cities with a supra-political understanding has been accepted in principle. However, the different urban transformation and zoning policies of the political groups in the parliament and the populist understanding of politics cause the boundaries of this understanding to be unclear in the policy-making process. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Ahşap Yapıların İklim Değişikliğine Karşı Güçlendirilmesi: Türkiye ve Farklı Ülkelerden Yaklaşımlar
No full textThis study examines the durability and strengthening strategies of wooden structures in Türkiye against climate change and extreme weather conditions. The effects of climate change challenge the resistance of structures to fire, water and other natural events. Although wood continues to be used as a traditional building material, it needs to be adapted to these new conditions. Wood that is not protected in any way will deteriorate, change shape, crack, develop dimensional differences, change colour, lose gloss, increase surface roughness and lose properties with similar negative effects over time due to climate change and weather conditions. This study discusses fire and water protection strategies, material renewal techniques and sustainability enhancement methods to assess the current status of wood structures in Türkiye, Canada and Finland and their durability against climate change. The study provides suggestions to ensure the sustainability of both existing and newly constructed wood structures against climate change. In addition, this article provides important information from studies in the literature on how to protect and develop wood structures against climate change in the modern world, and discusses new protection strategies against ever-changing climate differences.Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de iklim değişikliği ve aşırı hava koşullarına karşı ahşap yapıların dayanıklılığı ve güçlendirme stratejileri incelenmektedir. İklim değişikliğinin etkileri, yapıların yangına, suya ve diğer doğa olaylarına karşı dayanıklılığını zorlamaktadır. Ahşap, geleneksel bir yapı malzemesi olarak kullanılmaya devam etse de, bu yeni koşullara adapte edilmesi gerekmektedir. Hiçbir şekilde korunmayan ahşap, iklim değişikliği ve hava koşulları nedeniyle zamanla bozulacak, şekil değiştirecek, çatlayacak, boyut farklılıkları geliştirecek, renk değiştirecek, parlaklığını kaybedecek, yüzey pürüzlülüğü artacak ve benzer olumsuz etkilerle özelliklerini kaybedecektir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye, Kanada ve Finlandiya'daki ahşap yapıların mevcut durumunu ve iklim değişikliğine karşı dayanıklılıklarını değerlendirmek için yangın ve su koruma stratejileri, malzeme yenileme teknikleri ve sürdürülebilirlik artırma yöntemleri tartışılmaktadır. Çalışma, hem mevcut hem de yeni inşa edilen ahşap yapıların iklim değişikliğine karşı sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak için öneriler sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu makale, modern dünyada ahşap yapıların iklim değişikliğine karşı nasıl korunacağı ve geliştirileceği konusunda literatürdeki çalışmalardan önemli bilgiler sunmakta ve sürekli değişen iklim farklılıklarına karşı yeni koruma stratejilerini tartışmaktadır
Preventive Behaviors, Knowledge of Esophageal Cancer and Relationships Socio-Demographic Characteristics Among Older Adults: A Cross Sectional Study
No full textPurpose: This study aimed to investigate the risks of esophageal cancer (EC), protective behaviors, and risk awareness among Turkish adults aged 50 years and older, as well as their relationships with sociodemographic characteristics. Design: Cross-sectional. Recruitment took place between February-April 2022, via online google forms and WhatsApp. Setting: Participants completed the survey online throught WhatsApp. Sample: Analyses included 214 participants (>= 50 years from three provinces of Turkey); 73.8% female (n:158), 62.6% between 50-60 years (n:134 ), 55.6% had a university education (n:47). Measures: Study-specific survey items included questions about demographics, risky conditions and diseases, preventive health behaviors and Esophageal Cancer Knowledge Test (ECRKT). Analyses: Frequency or Mean, Percentage, Independent Samples t-Test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post hoc analysis (Tukey, LSD), and Cohen's effect size and linear regression analysis. Results: The participants had low ECRKT scores (x:13.50 +/- 9.33, Min:0, Max:31) and reported the most consumed hot beverages (36.9%) among negative EC preventive behaviors. Male gender, not working, not having previously received training on EC, low education and income status cause low knowledge and awareness about EC (P = 50 years are exposed to significant EC risks, and have poor knowledge of EC risks. These results highlight the urgent need for educational campaigns to improve EC awareness