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Trade Unions and Lobbying: Fighting Private Interests While Defending the Public Interest?
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The (non)use of likes, comments and shares of news in local online newspapers
Get PDFThis paper utilizes a nationally representative survey to gauge the
ways in which media users engage with their local newspapers by
using features that allow for sharing, liking, and commenting. The
main results indicate that significant predictors for different types
of news engagement vary, but that age and education emerge as
two of the more interesting varieties. Implications are discussed—
for instance, how both psychological and behavioral experiences
constitute the concept engagement and how our results challenge
the technology-optimistic argument that social media presence
on a newspaper website promotes audience engagement in the
journalistic process.publishedVersio
Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Get PDFBackground
Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages.
Methods
Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target—1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023—we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023.
Findings
Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45·8 (95% uncertainty interval 44·2–47·5) in 1990 to 60·3 (58·7–61·9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2·6% [1·9–3·3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010–2019 relative to 1990–2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0·79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388·9 million (358·6–421·3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3·1 billion (3·0–3·2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968·1 million [903·5–1040·3]) residing in south Asia.
Interpretation
The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people—the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close—or how far—all populations are in benefiting from UHC.publishedVersio
Gårsdagens suksess – morgendagens begrensning? Strategisk relevant handlingsrom: En rikere forståelse av leders handlingsrom
Get PDFManagerial discretion is said to be a fundamental condition for effective
leadership. Studies of managerial discretion have to a large degree focused on the
magnitude of managers’ discretion and how different factors influence managers’
perceived level of discretion (Hambrick, 2007; Hambrick & Finkelstein, 1987;
Hutzschenreuter & Kleindienst, 2013). In this chapter, we argue that it is insufficient
to study the size of managers’ room for discretion. We also need to understand the
content included in leaders’ discretionary rooms. In a study of ten successful logistics companies, one of which was studied more in-depth, we find that the managers
perceive their room for managerial discretion as large. However, the alternatives
considered are to a large extent operational and short-term, at the expense of more
long-term, strategically relevant alternatives facing future challenges. Hence, we
develop the concept “strategically relevant managerial discretion”, which, in addition to the alternatives that managers are aware of and that are acceptable for the
mangers’ stakeholders, also includes a new dimension: to what extent the alternatives are strategically relevant for future challenges. We conclude the chapter by
pointing out interesting directions for future research, including a call for empirical
studies of the conceptual model developed in this chapter.publishedVersio
Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Get PDFBackground The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm—the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of- injury with 47 nature-of- injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.publishedVersio
A Bibliometric Analysis of the HICSS Software Technology Track
Get PDFThe HICSS Software Technology track has a long tradition and many papers have been published as part of its history. Its impact in terms of citations, paper contributions, author share and community impact does not yet seem to have been investigated, though. In particular, software technology has evolved, and as it stands, it is of primary importance for mobile computing, the Internet-of-Things and Cyber-physical Systems. Hence, the development of these topics and the related impact of this track are of particular interest. In this paper, we present a bibliographic analysis as a first step towards such an investigation. We found that the history of the track is indeed noteworthy. Our results include finding a few extremely much cited papers, some curious tendencies, and a generally favourable outlook for HICSS. We found that indeed many papers in the history of this HICSS track addressed mobile technology and are highly cited. Together with providing insight into track, paper and author impact, we also raise questions worth of further investigation to understand the role of the HICSS Software Technology track and its impact on the academic field and society.publishedVersio
Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
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Background
Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated. With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990 to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010 to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and undercorrected refractive error.
Methods
We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from <6/18 to 3/60) and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation) by cause, age, region, and year. Because of data sparsity at younger ages, our analysis focused on adults aged 50 years and older.
Findings
Global crude prevalence of avoidable vision impairment and blindness in adults aged 50 years and older did not change between 2010 and 2019 (percentage change −0·2% [95% UI −1·5 to 1·0]; 2019 prevalence 9·58 cases per 1000 people [95% IU 8·51 to 10·8], 2010 prevalence 96·0 cases per 1000 people [86·0 to 107·0]). Age-standardised prevalence of avoidable blindness decreased by −15·4% [–16·8 to −14·3], while avoidable MSVI showed no change (0·5% [–0·8 to 1·6]). However, the number of cases increased for both avoidable blindness (10·8% [8·9 to 12·4]) and MSVI (31·5% [30·0 to 33·1]). The leading global causes of blindness in those aged 50 years and older in 2020 were cataract (15·2 million cases [9% IU 12·7–18·0]), followed by glaucoma (3·6 million cases [2·8–4·4]), undercorrected refractive error (2·3 million cases [1·8–2·8]), age-related macular degeneration (1·8 million cases [1·3–2·4]), and diabetic retinopathy (0·86 million cases [0·59–1·23]). Leading causes of MSVI were undercorrected refractive error (86·1 million cases [74·2–101·0]) and cataract (78·8 million cases [67·2–91·4]).
Interpretation
Results suggest eye care services contributed to the observed reduction of age-standardised rates of avoidable blindness but not of MSVI, and that the target in an ageing global population was not reached.
Funding
Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Théa, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg.publishedVersio
Aflatoxins: Occurrence, Exposure, and Binding to Lactobacillus Species from the Gut Microbiota of Rural Ugandan Children
Get PDFThis research was funded by Yoba for life foundation (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), TNO (Zeist, The
Netherlands), Vrije Universiteit (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), and the Throne Holst Foundation (Oslo,
Norway).publishedVersio
Autonomi i praksis. Marin IT. «På hvilken måte kan lederne i Marin IT bidra til at medarbeiderne mestrer autonomi?»
No full textI denne oppgaven har vi undersøkt autonomi i en norsk IT-bedrift, og sett på hvilke utfordringer
som er tilknyttet å gi medarbeiderne høy grad av autonomi. Formålet var å finne ut hva ledere
kan gjøre, for at autonomi skal fungere best mulig i arbeidet, i den aktuelle bedriften.
Gjennom et omfattende litteratursøk kartla vi fire faktorer som virket å være særlig relevante:
autonomistøttende ledelse, klarhet i mål og forventninger, psykologisk trygghet og
situasjonsbestemt ledelse. Ved hjelp av disse faktorene har vi kartlagt dagens situasjon på
området, samt hva lederne selv og deres medarbeidere opplever som nyttig for å mestre en
autonom arbeidshverdag. Vi har innhentet data gjennom dybdeintervjuer med lederne og
spørreundersøkelse til de ansatte.
Vi kunne til slutt konkludere med at mange av faktorene vi undersøkte, kunne ha en positiv
effekt. Støttende ledelse, som er en del av både autonomistøttende- og situasjonsbestemt ledelse,
viste seg å være særlig sentralt. Vi anbefaler derfor lederne i bedriften å fokusere på oppfølging
av medarbeiderne, gjennom veiledning, støtte, forståelse og anerkjennelse av deres perspektiver.
Vi har også funn som tyder på at autonomt arbeid ville vært enklere for medarbeiderne dersom
mål og forventninger var tydeligere enn de er i dag. Her fant vi også at små grupper med
dedikerte arbeidsområder, vil gjøre det enklere både å følge opp medarbeiderne bedre og
tydeliggjøre målene og rammene for gruppene
CSR in Controversial Industries: Can the Norwegian Oil and Gas Industry Benefit From Communicating their Environmental CSR Efforts?
Get PDFAs corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives are used more frequently as a marketing tactic, research is lacking on the subject with regard to controversial industries. The aim of this study is to contribute by adding knowledge about the factors that influence attitude in a setting of environmental CSR messages communicated by the oil and gas industry. The ultimate objective is to examine if and how the Norwegian oil and gas actors should communicate their efforts.
To examine this subject, a 2x2 experimental design was implemented, manipulating four advertisements to demonstrate the conditional factors of message source (internal vs. external) and message framing (positive vs. negative). Attitude was then examined as determined by each experimental condition, accounting for the effects of the mediating and moderating variables. The study’s findings provide evidence that attitude is influenced by how (message framing) and by who (message source) the message is communicated. However, these relationships are only significant when mediated and moderated by, respectively, the perceived authenticity of the source and by level of environmental concern.
Overall, in order to reach and affect those with higher levels of environmental concern, it is recommended that environmental CSR messages is framed in such a way that it enhances the possible gain of the initiative (positive framing).The message should also be communicated (or supported) by an external third-party, as this enhanced attitude, relative to the internal corporation source. Furthermore, the authenticity of the source proved to be an important mediator and direct predictor for attitude. Focus should therefor lay on presenting CSR efforts in an accurate, truthful, and transparent way