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The relative age effect shifts students’ choice of educational track even within a school system promoting equal opportunities
Get PDFIn most education systems, the age of a given cohort of students spans up to 12 months, which creates a within-class age difference, or relative age effect, that tends to disadvantage younger students. Because birth month indeed correlates with academic performance, with poorer outcomes for students born later in the year, the effect can have lifelong consequences for students, whose academic performance justifies their acceptance into different educational tracks. Although past studies have identified the relative age effect in students’ choice of educational track in school systems in which students make such choices at the age of 10–14 years, we examined data from the Norwegian school system, in which education tracks are chosen at the age of 15–16 years. The dataset included the variables birth month, track choice, and gender, of all 28,231 pupils at the upper secondary school level in a school county in Norway. Birth month was compared between vocational and academic track choices and the results revealed a significant relative age effect on educational choices between academic and vocational tracks, such that younger students were significantly more likely to apply for vocational tracks. The effect was significantly stronger for boys compared to girls. This indicates that the choice of educational track may reflect students’ relative age, especially among boys, and hence, not be based on interests alone. Those findings have implications for actors involved in ensuring equity in education systems in Norway and elsewhere. Keywords: relative age effect, vocational track, academic track, gender, upper secondary school, Norway, trackingpublishedVersio
Diversity within Corporate Education at the Slovak Labour and Welfare Administration: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Survey
Get PDFDiversity of the workforce encourages innovation. In order to maintain the
workforce, it is necessary to adapt the company's training with regard to the needs of
individual employees. Organisations that understand the relationships between
diversity, inclusion and education have the potential to set up a culture of lifelong
learning and thus improve quality of life for their employees. Diversity can strengthen
work involvement, improve the organisational climate, promote inclusion, and
contribute to increased productivity and the quality of life of employees. We
researched the question of diversity by questionnaire; an online survey was conducted
at the Slovak Labour and Welfare Administration, investigating the dimensions of
diversity, inclusion, quality of life, and education. We identified the subjective
perception of the dimensions of education, diversity and inclusion by employees in
relation to the criteria of quality of life, job positions or time spent working in the
institution. Our results showed that education has an impact on the self-esteem of the
respondent's personal and professional life, and that the quality of personal and
professional life is influenced by the position and length of time spent in the
organisation.publishedVersio
Medfødt instinkt eller øvingssak? En analyse av den journalistiske mage- følelsen sett i lys av Polanyis begrep «taus kunnskap».
Get PDFFor å beskrive journalistikkens praktiske kunnskap brukes ofte
kroppslige metaforer som «en nese for nyheter», «en magefølelse» eller «en ryggmargsrefleks». Ved hjelp av Polanyis begrep «taus kunnskap», samt 69 dybdeintervjuer med studenter, journalister og journalistlærere, er målet med denne artikkelen
å undersøke hva denne magefølelsen egentlig er, og hvordan den best utvikles. Et
hovedfunn er at den journalistiske magefølelsen baserer seg på svært kompleks,
sammensatt og situasjonsbetinget bakgrunnskunnskap. Gjennom å beskrive det
journalistiske «instinktet» som evnen til å forstå og løse journalistiske utfordringer
nærmest uten betenkningstid legger flere intervjuobjekter vekt på hvor personlig og
kroppsliggjort denne kunnskapen er. Samtidig er særlig lærere og aktive journalister uenige om hvordan magefølelsen best tilegnes. Mens flere lærere mener at alle
kan utvikle en journalistisk magefølelse så lenge motivasjonen er på plass, beskriver journalistene den tause kunnskapen som et nærmest gåtefullt instinkt man er
født med – eller ikke. Gjennom å undersøke hvordan studenter, lærere og journalister beskriver taus kunnskap, samt å analysere den praktiske kunnskapens ulike
bestanddeler, bidrar denne artikkelen til å dekode og avmystifisere journalistisk
arbeid. En slik dekoding er avgjørende for å kunne forstå og videreutvikle journalistisk praksis. En bevisstgjøring rundt hva magefølelsen er, vil også kunne styrke
posisjonen til praktisk kunnskap i journalistutdanningene og bidra til å forbedre
undervisningen i praktisk journalistikk.publishedVersio
Troverdighet til bærekraftig kommunikasjon i dagligvarebransjen og klesbransjen
Get PDFDagligvarebransjen og klesbransjen blir av mange ansett som klimaverstinger, og står for store mengder klimautslipp. Denne kvantitative studien tar for seg sammenhengen mellom bærekraftig kommunikasjon og troverdighet i nettopp disse to bransjene. Bærekraftsbegrepet vil i denne studien avgrenses til å omhandle klima- og miljømessige forhold.
Bærekraftig utvikling er blant de største utfordringene verden står overfor, særlig knyttet til klima og miljø. Kommunikasjon av bærekraft kan være svært komplekst og forvirrende, og preges av mye skepsis og lav tillit blant forbrukere. Forskning viser at konkrethet i kommunikasjon er viktig for i hvilken grad et budskap tiltrekker seg- og holder på oppmerksomhet, og mye tyder på at konkret kommunikasjon oppleves mer troverdig enn abstrakt blant forbrukere.
Hensikten med studien er å undersøke hvorvidt troverdigheten forbrukere har til bærekraftig kommunikasjon er avhengig av bransje, og grad av konkrethet i kommunikasjonen. I tillegg ønsker vi å finne ut om forbrukeres grad av miljøbevissthet påvirker denne troverdigheten. Med utgangspunkt i eksisterende teori og forskning på feltet har vi utarbeidet fire hypoteser som undersøkes ved et faktorielt eksperiment, og bidrar til å besvare oppgavens problemstilling:
“Oppleves bærekraftig kommunikasjon mer troverdig i dagligvarebransjen enn i klesbransjen?”.
Hovedfunnene i studien viser at vi får støtte for to av fire hypoteser, altså kan vi konkludere med at bærekraftig kommunikasjon oppleves mer troverdig i dagligvarebransjen enn i klesbransjen, og at konkret kommunikasjon av bærekraft oppleves mer troverdig enn abstrakt. Studien gir oss derimot ikke grunnlag til å konkludere med at det er en interaksjonseffekt mellom bransje og type kommunikasjon, og heller ikke at forbrukernes grad av miljøbevissthet påvirker troverdigheten. Vi vil likevel bemerke at tilpasningen mellom data og modell ikke er tilstrekkelig for å trekke klare konklusjoner fra alle hypotesene. Studien støtter opp under eksisterende forskning, samt kommer med nye nyanser til de to undersøkte bransjene. Undersøkelsene bekrefter at konkret kommunikasjon er å foretrekke for å oppnå økt troverdighet mellom bedrift og forbruker, samt at bedrifter må tilpasse- og være åpne i sin kommunikasjon av bærekraft for å oppnå størst mulig grad av troverdighet blant forbrukere
The New Road to Serfdom: The Impact of Technology-Mediated Control on Worker Autonomy
Get PDFThe gig economy, controlled by machines and governed by algorithms, has engulfed blue-collar gig workers. Gig economy platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo and Foodora are pioneers of algorithmic management techniques. In parallel, the rapid development of automation has become particularly relevant in the context of white-collar work, where automation technologies have become increasingly capable of taking over a major portion of traditionally human tasks.
This multiple-case study investigates how technology-mediated control (TMC) impacts blue-collar- and white-collar workers' experience of work life autonomy. The study looks at Robotic Process Automation (RPA) in white-collar work and mobile apps in blue-collar work. The findings are studied by utilising the CIMO-logic in order to understand control mechanisms and the METUX model to investigate the spheres of experienced autonomy.
TMC is found to simultaneously enhance autonomy and control for both blue- and white-collar workers. While the workers experience that the technologies augment perceived autonomy, TMC is found to challenge the balance between autonomy and control. Findings in blue-collar work reveal that autonomy in scheduling work is not entirely transferred to the worker, but is rather a disciplinary incentive and a way of controlling and guiding the workforce through the apps. Findings in white-collar work demonstrate that the benefits of being relieved by RPA are coupled with role modifications, no new tasks and little comprehensive understanding of the process. Further, the research identifies tensions in four spheres of experienced autonomy in each case, where the technologies are found to both enhance and constrain autonomy.
The findings contribute to the field of TMC by identifying tensions which provide greater insight for practice and research. The findings will hopefully inspire further development in organisational IT strategy and management systems and future research within the field of TMC. The study also recognises the need for more research on TMC in white-collar work environments
The Training Characteristics of World-Class Distance Runners: An Integration of Scientific Literature and Results-Proven Practice
Get PDFIn this review we integrate the scientifc literature and results-proven practice and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite long-distance performance. Herein, we describe how fundamental training characteristics and well-known training principles are applied. World-leading track runners (i.e., 5000 and 10,000 m) and marathon specialists participate in 9±3 and 6±2 (mean±SD) annual competitions, respectively. The weekly running distance in the mid-preparation period is in the range 160–220 km for marathoners and 130–190 km for track runners. These diferences are mainly explained by more running kilometers on each session for marathon runners. Both groups perform 11–14 sessions per week, and ≥80% of the total running volume is performed at low intensity throughout the training year. The training intensity distribution vary across mesocycles and difer between marathon and track runners, but common for both groups is that volume of race-pace running increases as the main competition approaches. The tapering process starts 7–10 days prior to the main competition. While the African runners live and train at high altitude (2000–2500 m above sea level) most of the year, most lowland athletes apply relatively long altitude camps during the preparation period. Overall, this review ofers unique insights into the training characteristics of world-class distance runners by integrating scientifc literature and results-proven practice, providing a point of departure for future studies related to the training and development in the Olympic long-distance events.publishedVersio
Increasing the effectiveness of ecological food signaling: Comparing sustainability tags with eco-labels
Get PDFacceptedVersio
Changes in life expectancy and disease burden in Norway, 1990–2019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Get PDFBill & Melinda Gates FoundationpublishedVersio
Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Get PDFSummary
Background
The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories.
Methods
In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors.
Findings
Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0% [83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7% [–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction [PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5] for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4% (95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3) in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1% (95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8) of LRI deaths.
Interpretation
The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting wellbeing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities.
Funding
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.publishedVersio
COVID 19 among the Pakistani immigrant population in Norther Europe - incidence and possible causes for infections
Get PDFBackground
Data from several North European countries have indicated that the Pakistani immigrant populations have higher mortality, higher hospitalization rates and higher infection rates from COVID-19 than the majority populations. Therefore the aim of the study was to examine challenges faced by the Pakistani migrant community in Oslo during the pandemic.
Methods
We included data from national reports, national statistics and scientific articles and discussed them with data gained by 16 semi-structured interviews, and thereby elaborated challenges inhabitants of Norway with a Pakistani background experienced during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Results
The literature study confirmed that mortality, hospitalization, and infection rates from COVID-19 for the sub-groups of the populations with Pakistani background were consistently higher in Denmark, England and Norway, all countries that published data by ethnicity or origin, even when correcting for all known risk factors. Our interview data from Norway showed that information from the authorities was insufficient and not adapted to the needs of the minority population, especially in the early phases of the pandemic. Furthermore, information was not available in the common minority languages of the country. Another finding indicates that health literacy, particularly regarding COVID-19, seemed to be low in the Pakistani minority, and COVID-19 was not considered as a threat in Norway before death rates began rising in Pakistan.
Conclusion
Adapting information at an early stage to the countries’ minority groups may help reduce the increase in COVID-19 rates.publishedVersio